Henry's quest for a divorce Flashcards

1
Q

What action did Henry take that proved that the divorce wasn’t urgent?

A

He started to prepare his illegitimate son for kingship and created him the Duke of Richmond.

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2
Q

When did the divorce become urgent?

A

In 1527, when he met Anne Boleyn and she stated that she wouldn’t be her mistress.

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3
Q

Why did the HRE Charles V not want to grant the divorce?

A

He was the nephew of Catherine and didn’t want to see his family be ridiculed.

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4
Q

What three approaches did Wolsey take to ensure this divorce?

A

1) Scriptural arguments
2) Diplomatic manoeuvres
3) Legal efforts

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5
Q

What did Wolsey argue in terms of scripture?

A

the validity of the marriage to C in 1509 relied on the vow that her marriage to Arthur hadn’t been consummated and if it wasn’t the case then Henry had been misled and the marriage was invalid.

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6
Q

What did the Old Testament - Leviticus Chapter 20 state?

A

“if a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an impurity, they shall be childless”. Henry believed he was living in sin.

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7
Q

What do theologians argue about the Leviticus argument?

A

Not marrying your sister-in-law whilst your brother was still alive. The book of Deuteronomy stated that “it was a man’s duty to marry his brother’s widow and have children on his behalf”

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8
Q

How did Wolsey attempt to free the Pope from Charles’s influence? (DM)

A

by using an alliance with France and the renewal of warfare in Italy to distract Charles. This failed as Cahrles was too strongly entrenched in Italian Peninsula to be evicted by France.

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9
Q

How did Wolsey use legal efforts to ensure the annulment?

A

He hoped to hold the hearing in England where he could make the judgement as Papal Legate but Pope didn’t want to offend Charles and sent Cardinal Campeggio to delay the hearing.

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10
Q

How did Wolsey’s use to Henry end?

A

1) Campeggio was unwell and wanted to do things thoroughly, Henry and Wolsey grew impatient.
2) Court met in 1529 and Cathy refused to acknowledge it and appealed to move it to Rome, which it did.
3) Became clear to Henry that Wolsey had run out of options.

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11
Q

What were the two main failures of Wolsey?

A

1) Collapse of his anti-Hapsburg strategy in Europe (forced on him by the success of Charles V in Italy after 1525)
2) inability to obtain divorce for Henry

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12
Q

When was Wolsey accused of praemunire?

A

Summer 1529.

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13
Q

What happened to Wolsey’s offices?

A

Were stripped off of him and sent to exile in the diocese of York.

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14
Q

What did Wolsey believe when it came to his downfall?

A

The the king had been manipulated by the supporters of Anne Boleyn at court, as she blamed Wolsey for the failure to win the royal divorce approval.

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15
Q

What did David Starkey suggest about his downfall?

A

There was evidence that Wolsey had been losing control of the Royal court in late 1520s while Anne’s father, brother and other supporters gained influence.

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16
Q

How did Henry give hope to Wosley that he may be reinstated?

A

He sent tokens of friendship to him twice.

17
Q

How did exploiting weaknesses in the Church help Henry to get the divorce?

A

1) Catholic Church=weakened by humanist criticisms of Colet, Erasmus and Simon Fish.
2) H8 was supplied with intellectual justifications by Collectanea Satis Copiosa, collection of historical documents by Cranmer and Foxe, to justify king’s divorce on basis of legal and historical principles.
3) H sought and received expert opinions on marital situation from the number of continental unis which worked in his favour and also humiliated More by requiring him to present these opinions to both houses of Parliament.

18
Q

Who masterminded the parliamentary attack on the church?

A

Cromwell.

19
Q

How was Henry helped in terms of religious reformers?

A

By the common ground that he had with these reformers who wanted radical religious changes with the common view that the Church was the main obstacle to ambition.

20
Q

How were problems to the Church solved, for the reformers?

A

improving religious leadership and to achieve this it was vital to strengthen royal power to protect and develop the church in England.

21
Q

What did Henry write in the 1520s?

A

“In defence of Seven Sacraments” to oppose this view of improving religious leadership.

22
Q

When was Parliament encouraged to voice anti-clerical feelings?

A

1529, Cromwell, MP, collected evidence of abuses

23
Q

When was the revival of medieval law of Praemunire?

A

1530, 15 of the upper clergy were charged with supporting Wolsey’s abuse of power.

24
Q

When did Henry pardon the clergy of crimes against the crown?

A

1531, demanded that they should recognise him as ‘sole protector and supreme head of church’. only supreme head as far ‘as law of Christ allows’

25
Q

When did Cromwell introduce the ‘supplication against Ordinaries’?

A

March 1532. Introduced in the House of Commons. called a petition to call on king and deal with abuses and corruption of clergy. Cromwell didn’t hold major offices and was invited to join Henry’s inner circle of advisers on the Royal Council.

26
Q

When did Henry demand that the Church should agree to the ‘submission of the clergy’?

A

May 1532, was a document giving him power to veto Church laws and choose bishops, even if not approved by Rome. More resigns.

27
Q

When did Anne B and Henry marry?

A

Jan 1533.

28
Q

When were scholars from Cambridge and Oxford sent to Europe universities?

A

1530, to find support for Henry’s divorce

29
Q

When did the payments of annates to Rome stop?

A

Jan 1532, banning of this payment was a significant attack on Pope’s rights over the clergy.

30
Q

When did Archbishop of Canterbury, William Warham die?

A

August 1532. Henry asked Pope to appoint Cranmer, a reformer with some Protestant views.

31
Q

When was the Act in Restraint of Appeals passed?

A

1533, it denied Henry’s subjects the right to appeal to the Pope against decisions in English church courts. this law prevented C of A from seeking the Pope’s arbitration when the divorce case came before the courts.

32
Q

What were the steps in marrying Anne Boleyn?

A

1) Anne consenting to have sexual relations with H and fallling pregnant in 1532.
2) Anne took the gamble of her pregnancy to force H to take decisive action and this required open defiance of Pope by H and authorities of English church.
3) The divorce was made easier as Cranmer (new ABC) became a leader of the Reformation
4) marriage of C and H annulled in May 1533 and Anne crowned shortly after. Child, Elizabeth, born on 7 September 1533.