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Performance > Runway slope, Considerations, The TO (16/21-05-18) > Flashcards

Runway slope, Considerations, The TO (16/21-05-18) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to ASD, and therefore TOR, TOD & LD, with a runway up slope?

A

ASD will increase

TOR & TOD will increase

LD will reduce

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2
Q

What happens to ASD, and therefore TOR, TOD & LD, with a runway down slope?

A

ASD will reduce

TOR & TOD will reduce

LD will increase

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3
Q

How much will ASD increase for every 1% of slope?

A

it will increase by 5%.

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4
Q

How much will ASD decrease for every 1% down slope?

A

We aren’t interested due to it being safer than already required.

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5
Q

What is TODR and what is it’s relationship to TODA?

A

Take Off Distance Required, a minimum legal length of runway needed to take off, including a safety factor.

TODR must be <= TORA

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6
Q

What considerations must be apply to wind on TO?

A

With a head wind we are only allowed to include a max of 50% of total wind in calculations.

With a tail wind we must account for 150% of the tailwind in calculations.

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7
Q

When are we allowed to include reverse thrust in stopping calculations?

A

When the runway is wet.

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8
Q

What is Field length limited TOM (FLLTOM) / Runwau limited TOM (RLTOM)?

A

The TOM that we are limited to due to being able to reach the required speed from the TODA.

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9
Q

What are the threats associated with airframe icing?

A

Increased mass

increased drag

change in handling

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10
Q

What are the threats associated with super cold fuel?

A

Can affect fuel delivery

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11
Q

What are the threats associated with runway contamination?

A

TOR increases (spray impingement drag, wheel drag, thrust loss)

TOD increase (same)

ASD increase (reduced friction)

LD increase (same)

Directional control is reduced

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12
Q

What is considered a contaminated runway?

A

when more than 25% of the runway is covered by more than 3mm of water of equivellent in slush, snow or ice (they will be less)

a wet runway in not considered contaminated.

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13
Q

In winter contamination conditions with a compacted snow/specially prepared winter runway, how is TOR, TOD, ASD and LD affected?

A

TOR & TOD will be unaffected

ASD & LD will increase

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14
Q

What affect will a wet runway have on TOR, TOD, ASD and LD?

A

TOR & TOD will be unaffected

ASD & LD will be increased

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15
Q

What are Aircraft Classification Numbers/Pavement Classification Numbers?

A

A code that can be used to determine if an aircraft is able to use a certain runway due to structural considerations.

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16
Q

How will you know if an aircraft of mass <= 5700kg will be able to use a runway?

A

Max mass and max tyre pressure will be written on an appropriate Aerodrome plate

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17
Q

How will you know if an aircraft of mass > 5700kg is able to use a runway?

A

By checking if it’s ACN is <= the runways PCN.

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18
Q

How are PCNs reported?

A

4 letter code

first letter is pavement type

R - rigid (concrete slab)

F - flexible (series of layers)

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19
Q

In overload operations, when can ACN exceed PCN by 10%?

A

Occasional movements

when the runway is older than 12 months

When only 5% of movements exceed PCN annually

There are no signs of damage

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20
Q

In overload operations, when can ACN exceed PCN by 25%?

A

In addition to 10% requirements:

the runway is regularly inspected.

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21
Q

In overload operations, when can ACN exceed PCN by 50%?

A

In addition to 25% requirements:

There is an inspection before and after each overload movement

22
Q

In overload operations, when can ACN exceed PCN by more than 50%?

A

In emergencies

23
Q

What is the brake release point?

A

The place on the runway where you must hold the aircraft in place until TO thrust is achieved.

24
Q

What happens to your TO data if you don’t use the BRP?

A

Your TO data will be invalid.

25
Q

What is screen height for Class A aircraft?

A

35ft but can be reduced to 15ft when wet.

26
Q

What is screen height for Class B aircraft?

A

50ft

27
Q

What is VEF?

A

Engine failure speed for large aircraft

The speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail for calculation purposes.

It occurs 1 second before V1 is reached

28
Q

What is the length of time assumed for pilot reaction time?

A

1 second

29
Q

What is V1?

A

The decision speed,

Faster than this speed and you have to go

Slower than this speed and you can either go or stop.

30
Q

What is VMBE?

A

Maximum brake energy speed,

Assuming an infinitely long runway, this theoretically is the fastest speed at which the brakes could stop the aircraft with maximum braking force without failing.

31
Q

What is VMU?

A

Minimum unstick speed,

the slowest speed at which you could safely begin rotation

32
Q

What is VR?

A

Rotate speed

5kt faster than VMU.

33
Q

What is VLOF?

A

Lift off speed.

34
Q

What is VTYRE?

A

The fastest speed at which the tyres can rotate. The tyres will fail at this speed if on the ground.

It is a ground speed.

35
Q

What is V2?

A

Free air safety speed, minimum speed when airborne.

36
Q

How is TORR determined?

A

The highest of:

  • All engines:

(From BRP to VLOF + 1/2 airborne distance) x 1.15

  • One engine inoperative on dry runway:

From BRP to VLOF + 1/2 airborne distance

  • One engine inoperative on wet runway:

From BRP to 15ft

37
Q

How is ASDR determined?

A

All engines

Assumes pilot takes first action to stop at V1

Includes an additional 2 seconds at V1 for safety

Assumes a wet runway

38
Q

How is TODR determined?

A

The highest of:

  • All engines:

(From BRP to VLOF + distance to reach 35ft) x 1.15

  • One engine inoperative on dry runway:

From BRP to VLOF + distance to reach 35ft

  • One engine inoperative on wet runway:

From BRP to 15ft

39
Q

What are the forces in the TO?

A

Aerodynamic drag, wheel drag and thrust available (which decreases with speed).

40
Q

What happens to overall total drag in the TO?

A

It increases

41
Q

What happens to wheel drag in the TO?

A

It decreases with speed.

42
Q

What happens to aerodynamic drag in the TO?

A

It increases

43
Q

What happens to magnitude of acceleration with increasing speed in the TO?

A

It decreases

44
Q

What is the percentage increase in runway use with a 10% increase in VR?

A

20% increase in runway used

45
Q

What happens to the distance planned to reach VR, if the rotation is begun too early or fast and/or the rotation is too high or low?

A

The distance required to reach VR increases

46
Q

What are the limitations of VEF?

A

VMCG <= VEF < V1

47
Q

What are the limitations of V1?

A

V1 < VMBE

48
Q

What are the limitations of VR?

A

VS & VMCA < VR <= V2

49
Q

What are the limitations of VLOF?

A

VLOF < VTYRE

50
Q

What are the limitations of V2?

A

V2 > VS & VMCA

51
Q

What is the relationship between VR , V2, VMCA, VS/S(R)?

A

Figure:

Performance (12 decks)

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