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Cell Biology and Signalling > Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Cells and Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What causes Hutchinson-Gilford progeria?

A

A mutation in a gene that codes for the nuclear envelope.

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2
Q

What causes myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres (MERF Syndrome)?

A

A mutation in the mitochondrial gene.

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3
Q

What causes Tay-Sachs disease?

A

A mutation in the gene coding an lysosomal enzyme.

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4
Q

What is a normal human cell size?

A

30 micrometers

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5
Q

What is a normal cell nucleus size?

A

3-10 micrometers

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6
Q

What is a normal peroxisome size?

A

0.5-1.5 micrometers

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7
Q

What is a normal bacteria size?

A

1 micrometer

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8
Q

What is a normal lysosome size?

A

80-800 nanometers

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9
Q

What is a normal virus size?

A

50 nanometers

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10
Q

What is a normal light microscope resolution?

A

200 nanometers

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11
Q

What is a normal electron miscroscope resolution?

A

0.2 nanometers

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12
Q

Give an example of a non-membrane bound organelle?

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

Name X3 ways a prokaryote differs from a eukaryote.

A

1) single celled
2) chromosomes in a circular strand, no nucleus to house this
3) no membrane bound organelles

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14
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

That all living organisms are composed of cells, which arise through the division of pre-existing cells

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15
Q

What can you and can’t you see via light microscopy?

A

Up to the cellular level but not sub-cellular (e.g. no organelles, maybe nucleus).

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16
Q

What are the X2 types of electron microscope?

How do each of these work?

A

1) scanning = looks at cell surface only as electrons are scattered off of the surface due to a heavy metal coating (gold = Au)
2) transmission = electrons travel through the specimen and therefore can look inside the cell

17
Q

What is a downside to electron microscopy?

A

It can only look inside dead cells due to requiring long and elaborate preparation

18
Q

What are features specialised cells can have to overcome diffusion distance difficulties?

A

1) thin processes = large and thin cells in shape
2) giant multinucleate cells
3) gap junctions between cells

19
Q

What is a benefit of an organelle being membrane bound?

A

It allows them to create specific conditions that they may require for optimal function such as differing pH’s

20
Q

What are the X3 different types of proteins that make u0 the cytoskeleton?

Which is the thinnest and which is thickest?

A

1) actin = thinnest
2) intermediate filaments (IF’s)
3) microtubules = thickest

21
Q

In what state is DNA in the nucleus during interphase?

A

Wound around his tone proteins as well as nom-his tone proteins as chromatin. It condenses into chromosomes during mitosis.

22
Q

What are X3 structural elements to the nucleus?

A

1) nuclear envelope = phospholipid bi-layer for organelle regulation
2) nuclear pores = allow transport into and out of the cell
3) nucleolus = where rDNA is transcribed and ribosome subunits are assembled

23
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Synthesises lipids and steroids and packages them into vesicles before sending them to the Golgi.

24
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Is studded with ribosomes which carry out translation (synthesis of proteins). These are also packaged into vesicles and sent to the Golgi.

25
Q

What is the role of the Golgi?

A
  • It modifies proteins delivered from the rough ER by adding carbohydrate or lipid side chains.
  • it then packages them into vesicles for export
  • it also creates lysosomes
26
Q

What is the structure of Golgi?

A

It is made from a series of parallel flattened membranous sacs called cicternae.

27
Q

What are the properties and role of lysosomes?

A

They are electron dense spheres (smaller than peroxisomes) which are involved in protein/DNA/RNA degradation. They require a low pH to activate their enzymes and are therefore membranous.

28
Q

What are proteins destined for lysosomes tagged with to ensure they arrive?

A

Mannose-6-phosphate

29
Q

What is the structure and function of peroxisomes?

A

They are spheres larger than lysosomes but not as electron dense. They are involved in detoxification, phospholipid synthesis and potentially beta oxidation of fatty acids if the chains are too long for the mitochondria?

30
Q

What is a waste product involved in peroxisome function?

What do peroxisomes synthesis to combat this?

A

H2O2 = hydrogen peroxide

Catalase

31
Q

What is Zellweger syndrome?

A

An absence or reduction of peroxisomes

32
Q

How does taxol work?

A

It is a depolymerisation inhibitor (stabilises) Tubulin, which is a microtubule important in cell division (mitosis)

33
Q

How does colchicine work?

A

It is a polymerisation inhibition (destabiliser) of Tubulin, which is a microtubule important in cell division (mitosis)

Cell Biology and Signalling (11 decks)

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