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Semester 4 > Case 1 - Oesophagus > Flashcards

Case 1 - Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

Where are GLUT2 receptors found?

A
  • Liver
  • Intestines
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2
Q

Where are GLUT1 receptors found?

A
  • RBC
  • Brain
  • Kidney
  • Placenta
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3
Q

What are the anatomical causes of dysphagia?

A
  • Zenker’s diverticulum
  • Decreased compliance of cricopharyngeus
  • UES
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4
Q

What are the neurological casues of dysphagia?

A
  • Stroke
  • Weak pharyngeal contraction; incoordination of UES and pharyngeal contraction
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5
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

A passive process dependent on primary transporters that use ATP, e.g if it affects the Na+/K+-ATPase which uses ATP

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6
Q

What does the sublingual gland secrete?

A
  • Covered by mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth
  • Produce a mucous secretion that acts as a buffer and a lubricant
  • Numerous sublingual ducts open along either side of the lingual frenulum
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7
Q

What does the parotid gland secrete?

A
  • Produces serous secretion contianing salivary amylase (breaks down starch)
  • Drained by parotid duct into vestibule behind 2nd upper molar
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8
Q

Describe the function of aquaporin 5

A
  • important for salivary secretions
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9
Q

Where are GLUT5 receptors found?

A
  • Intestine
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10
Q

What are the signs of dysphagia

A
  • Coughing
  • Choking when eating or drinking
  • Bringing food back up sometimes through the nose
  • A sensation that food is stuck in your throat or chest
  • Persistent drooling of saliva
  • causes weight loss and repeated infections
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11
Q

What is an antiporter?

A
  • Obligatory entry or exit
  • Take one molecule - conformational change take another molecule, revert to old position
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12
Q

Where are GLUT3 receptors found?

A
  • Atrocytes
  • Neurons
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13
Q

Describe how the PNS nerve stimulus affects the acini cells!

A
  • Ach release on muscarinic receptors results in the formation of IP3
  • IP3 causes the release of intracellular calcium from calciums tores
  • This triggers the secretion of Cl- at the apical membrane as the chloride channel is calcium sensitive
  • The potassium channel on the basolateral membrane becomes more active
  • Causes an efflux of K+ that drives the sodium chloride potassium sympoter (NKCCI) to drive an influx of the ions into the cell towards the potassium gradient resulting in more chloride in the cell
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14
Q

What tare the muscular causes of dysphagia

A
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Weak pharyngeal contraction
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15
Q

Wherer are GLUT 4 receptors found?

A
  • Adipocytes
  • Muscle
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16
Q

What is the alternating access model used by glucose transpoters?

A

Glucose transport is carried out by a carrier protein by facilitated diffusion

The channel uses an alternating access model when glucose binds the carrier protein undergoes a conformational change and opens on the opposite side releasing glucose

  • Glucose enters carrier
  • Binds to carrier
  • Carrier undergoes a conformational change
  • Glucose is released on the other side
  • Another conformational change to go back to normal
17
Q

What is oropharyngeal dysphagia?

A
  • Mouth and throat
  • Difficulty emptying material from the oropharynx into the oesophagus; it results from abnormal function proximal to the oesophagus
  • patients complain of difficulty initiating swallowing, nasal regurgitation,tracheal aspiration followed by coughing
  • Most often occurs in patients with neurological conditions of muscular disorders that affect skeletal muscle:
    • stroke
    • Parkinson’s disease
    • MS
  • Abnormal bolus tranfer to the oesophagus
  • difficulty initiating a swallow
18
Q

What transport proteins act as to

  • regulate volume decrease if cell swells up
  • regulate volume increase if cell size shrinks
A

Volume decrease

  • Pumping K+ and Cl- out of the cell

Volume increase

  • potassium
  • chloride
  • sodium

Are all pumped into the cell and water follows by osmosis

19
Q

What is oesophageal dysphagia?

A
  • Difficult passing food down the oesphagus, it results from motility disorder or a mechanical obstruction
  • Abnormal bolus transport through the oesophagus
  • Food stops after intitatin of swallow
  • Oesophagus is location of the primary disease e.g achalasia
20
Q

What is a uniporter?

A
  • Other names: Facilitator
  • Facillitated diffusion
  • Allows molevules to pass through in any direction passive process determiend by a concentration gradient
  • Highly selective passive carrier protein, driven by the concentration gradient alone
21
Q

What is a sympoter

A
  • More than one solute transported at a time, in the same direction, transport will have a conformational change when both molecules attach
  • e.g. SGLT1
22
Q

What does the submandibular gland secrete?

A
  • Secrete a mixture of buffers, glycoproteins mucins and salivary amylase
  • The duct opens into the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum posterior to the teeth

Semester 4 (15 decks)

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