Cosmological Argument Scholars

Question 1

Hume

Answer 1

• The argument makes too many assumptions about the nature of the universe and of cause and effect
• “Why may not the universe be the necessarily existent being?”

Question 2

Russell

Answer 2

• Agrees with Hume that the argument oversteps the rule of logic
• “one cannot go from individual causes and effects to a single cause”

Question 3

Leibniz

Answer 3

• Argues that everything requires a reason for existing
• “For this, it appears, even if we presume the past eternity of the world, we cannot escape the ultimate and out-of-this-world-reason for things, namely God”