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IO > Chapter 2 - METHODS > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - METHODS Flashcards

1
Q

What are goals of science?

A
  • Description (accurate portrayal/depiction of phenomenon)
  • Explanation (gathering knowledge about “why” phenomenon exists it its causes)
  • Prediction (anticipate an event prior to its occurrence)
  • Control (manipulation of conditions to affect behavior)
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2
Q

What is science?

A

A process or method for generating a body of knowledge
(Represents a logic of inquiry - way of doing things to increase understanding of concepts, processes, & relationships)

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3
Q

Interrelated constructs(concepts), definitions, & propositions that present a systematic view of a phenomenon by specifying a relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining & predicting the phenomenon

A

What is “Theory”?

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4
Q

Statements about the supposed relationships between or among variables

A

What is hypothesis?

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5
Q

What are 5 things that make a good theory?

A
  • Parsimonious: explains a lot, yet simple
  • Precision: specific & accurate in its wording
  • Testability: verifiable by experimentation/study
  • useful: practical, helpful in describing/explaining/predicting important phenomena
  • Generativity: stimulates additional research
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6
Q

What is induction?

A

Data —> Theory

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7
Q

What is deduction?

A

Theory —> Data

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8
Q

What is an independent variable & what are some other names we use for it?

A

Anything that is systematically manipulated

&

Predictor, precursor, & antecedent

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9
Q

What is a dependent variable & what are some other names we use for it?

A

What we’re measuring/assessing

&

Criteria, outcome, or consequence

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10
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Any other variable that can contaminate results

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11
Q

What is validity?

A

Are we measuring what we’re supposed to be measuring?

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12
Q

What is the research process order?

A 
Design the study
Analyze data
Collect data
Formulate hypothesis
Report findings
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13
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Extent to which causal inferences can be drawn about variables
(Relating our alternative explanations)

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14
Q

What is external validity?

A

Extent to which results generalize to other people, settings, time (student participants & “real world” applicability

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15
Q

Types of Research Designs: Overview

A
  • Experimental Methods
  • Lab Experiment
  • Field & quasi-experiments
  • observational methods
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16
Q

What are field experiments?

A

Random assignment & manipulation of IV in a naturally occurring, real-world setting

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17
Q

What are quasi-experiments?

A

Field experiment without random assignment and not always practical to randomly assign participants; use of intact groups

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18
Q

What is manipulation in experimental methods?

A

Systematic control of one or more independent variables

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19
Q

What is Random Assignment in experimental methods?

A

Each participant has an equally likely chance of being assigned to each condition

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20
Q

What are observational methods in research designs?

A

Also called, correlations designs, descriptive research

  • do not involve random assignment or manipulation of IVs
  • make use of available resources
  • can draw conclusions about relationships but NOT casualty
  • common in field settings
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21
Q

Examinations of a single individual, group, company, or society
—> interviews, historical analysis, research into the writings of policies of an individual/organization

—> main purpose: is to describe &/or explain

A

Case studies

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22
Q

What type of research relies on “secondary” data sets?

A

Archival research

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23
Q

What type of data is collected at one point in time from a single group of respondents?

A

Cross-sectional data

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24
Q

What type of data is collected over multiple time periods so that changes in attitudes & behaviors can be examined

A

Longitudinal data

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25
Q

What are self-administered questionnaires & where are they used?

A

Used in both lab & field settings

  • Surveys that are completed by respondents in the absence of an investigator
  • can be given to large groups at once
  • easy to administer
  • give respondents anonymity
26
Q

What are the two approaches to using method of data collection?

A
  • self-administered

- interviews

27
Q

What are the two major concerns of accuracy of measurement?

A
  • reliability

- validity

28
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistently/stability of a measure

29
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

Give an example of it

A

The stability of a test over time

Also called coefficient of stability

Example: participants are given a test at Time 1 & then given the exact same test at Time 2

30
Q

What is parallel forms reliability? Give an example of it

A

The two tests are measuring the same thing

Ex: Two different forms of a final, survey on paper & computer, test for disabled applicants

31
Q

What is interrater reliability?

A

Extent to which multiple judges/raters agree on ratings of a particular thing or person

32
Q

What is internal consistency reliability?

A

Extent to which individual test items seem to be measuring the same thing

33
Q

What type of reliability is split the test in half to see if one half is equivalent to the other?

A

Split-half reliability

34
Q

What type of reliability is examining the correlations among all test items to determine consistency.

A

Inter-item reliability (Cronbach’s coefficient alpha)?

35
Q

What is the rule of thumb for reliability?

A

.70

36
Q

Extent to which a test measures the underlying construct that it was intended to measure

Ex: self-esteem, intelligence, motivation, cognitive ability

A

Construct Validity

37
Q

Degree to which a test/predictor covers a representative sample of the quality being assessed

A

Content Validity

38
Q

Degree to which a test is a good predictor of attitudes, behavior, or performance

A

Criterion-related Validity

39
Q

Extent to which test scores obtained at one point in time predict criteria obtained at some later time

Ex’s: GREs, GPAs, research experience, predicting later success in graduate school

A

Predictive Validity

40
Q

How well a test predicts a criterion that is measured at the same time test is administered

Ex: want to see if newly developed selection tests predict performance of current employees

A

Concurrent Validity

41
Q

Degree to which a measure of the construct is related to measures of other, similar constructs

A

Convergent Validity

42
Q

Degree to which a measure of the construct is related to measures of other, dissimilar products

A

Divergent Validity

43
Q

What are the two approaches to construct validity?

A
  • content validity

- criterion-related Validity

44
Q

What are the two approaches to criterion-related Validity?

A
  • predictive validity

- concurrent validity

45
Q

Summarized in a single # the values, characteristics, or scores describing a series of cases

A

Statistics

46
Q

What are the measures of Central Tendency?

A
  • Mode
  • Median
  • Mean
47
Q

Score in the middle of a distribution

  • extreme scores do not affect this
  • mostly use this for skewed data
A

Median

48
Q

Most frequent single score in a distribution

  • useful with categorical data
A

Mode

49
Q

Arithmetic average of a group of scores

- sensitive to extreme scores

A

Mean

50
Q

Characterize a typical member of the group

A

Measures of Central Tendency

51
Q

Inform us how closely scores are grouped around the measure of Central Tendency; “spread-outedness” of the data

A

Measures of Dispersion

52
Q

What are the three measures of dispersion?

A
  • range
  • variance
  • standard deviation
53
Q

Spread of scores from the lowest to the highest

A

Range

54
Q

Most useful measure of dispersion

- sum of squared differences between each score & the mean

A

Variance

55
Q

Square root of the variance; retains original metric of scores

A

Standard deviation

56
Q

This distribution is

  • symmetrical
  • bell shaped curve
  • proportions will be same for (+) & (-) scores

Ex: job attitudes, intelligence, performance

A

Normal Distribution

57
Q

What does correlation coefficient (r) indicate?

A
  • indicates direction of the relationship
  • indicates the strength/sign of the relationship between two variables

Magnitude —> 0 - 1.00

58
Q

What is coefficient of determination (r2)?

A

Coefficient of determination (r2): percentage of variance accounted for by the predictor

59
Q

Allows us to predict one variable from another
- how much variance in a criterion variable is accounted for by a predictor variable
(The higher the overlapping is, the better the predictor is)

A

Regression

60
Q
  • methodology used to conduct quantitative literature reviews
  • used to combine the results of multiple studies to arrive at the best estimate of the true relationship
A

Meta-Analysis

IO (12 decks)

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