Human Rights👩🏽✅ 7.1 Flashcards
According to the UNFPA, how may people live outside their country of origin (what %)?
2015 - 244 million - 3.3% of world’s pop.
What are the 3 differing scales of international migration?
- between neighbouring countries in Europe eg Germany + France
- across the globe eg UK + Australia
- between major global regions eg Africa + Europe
What is the international migration equation?
Population change = (births - deaths) +/- international migration
What are the 3 main reasons for UK born residents to move abroad?
- 2013 - 5.1 million UK-born residents moved abroad
- employment opportunities: - mainly working age individuals
- retirement: - large number were retirement age - high UK house prices enable many to sell up & live more cheaply abroad
- family reunification - moving to join other relatives overseas
Give an example of an inter-regional (between regions eg Africa & Europe) migrant flow
- 1000s risked their lives fleeing conflict & instability in Africa & Middle East
- travel to Italy across desert areas, across boats & small vessels in Mediterranean by traffickers - IOM - 3000 died at sea in 2014
- 1 migration route = from Libyan ports to Lampedusa (Italy’s most southerly point)
- migrant number increase in 2015 - issue for Italy’s border control & Frontex as well as charities & NGOs concerned with migrant welfare
Give an example of an intra-regional (within eg from 1 European country to another) migrant flow
- 2012 - 1.7 million people resident in an EU country migrated to another EU country
- further 1.7 moved from outside EU to inside EU countries
—> due to recent EU expansion - most counties joining have a large proportion of working pop. seeking employment - attracted by higher wages elsewhere within EU - eg Polish accession to EU, 2004 - immigration wave to UK - poles attracted by greater living standards, better employment opportunities & ease of return - UK migrants in Poland - potential business market & better quality of life due to lower living cost
Describe the aspects of a Lee Migration Model & give examples
- push factors: negative factors operating in a migrants current location eg war, unstable government, poor education
- pull factors: perceived advantages of a potential destination which attract migrants eg employ opportunity, higher wages, better education
- intervening obstacles: cost, traffickers, modern slavery, forced labour, language, health, transport, oceans
Describe the relationship between international migration patterns & socio-economic development
- close relationship between migration & development - migration can be a positive process for stability, economic growth & socio-economic change
- statistical measure of the links = migrant remittances - LIDCs & EDCs they represent a higher proportion of GDP - so are of greater significance to their economy
How does global migration promote stability, growth & development in countries through flows of people, money, ideas & technology?
- monetary transfers - migrant remittances - made easier & more efficient through the use of technology
How does global migration cause inequalities, conflicts & injustices in countries through flows of people, money, ideas & technology?
Areas of conflict & injustice eg’s:
- human rights violations in detention camps for Myanmar refugees on Thai-Malaysian border
- fence & high-tech surveillance at Bulgaria-Turkey border
- ‘the jungle’, outside Calais - over 30,000 migrants
How does access to technology reflect low socio-economic development levels?
- low & middle income counties lack skilled human resources & computer forensic tools required for satellite imagery, analysing digital data
- government & military control of data & limited broadband speeds limits the work of civilian relief organisations
How does global migration promote stability between & within counties?
- remittances - can contribute to economic stability to recipient country
- retuning migrants - have new ideas & values regarding democracy & equality - contributes to peacekeeping
- ageing pop. - youthful working age migrants create a more balanced age structure
How does global migration promote economic growth between & within counties?
- migrants stimulate local economies in host countries
- migrants fill gaps &shortages in labour market of host country - willing to work for less too
- remittances can supplement household income - providing funds for local investment & stimulate local multiplier effect eg fish farms in Philippines
How does global migration promote development between & within counties?
- skills, qualifications & knowledge gained by retuning migrants can benefit the country of origin
How does global migration cause inequalities between & within counties?
- counties lose young & fittest element of labour force - contributes downward economic spiral
- better educated migrate —> ‘brain drain’ - loss of human resources
