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Diversity of life > Fish > Flashcards

Fish Flashcards

1
Q

Hagfish

A

Craniate

Chordate - non vertebrate

Marine

Scavengers

Cartilage + skull

Lack jaws + vertebrae

feed on internal organs by going through gills or anus

Tooth plates around protrudable tongue

Body knotting

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2
Q

Jawless fish

A

Agnathans

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3
Q

Diadromous

A

Lives in marine + fresh in life cycle

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4
Q

Anadramous

A

Breeds in fresh

Rest of life in marine

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5
Q

Catadromous

A

breeds in marine

Lives life in fresh

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6
Q

Sea lamprey

A

No paired fins

Dorsal + caudal fins

Buccal funnel - suckers - mobile tongue - teeth

Large eyes

anticoagulant - keep blood flowing

No stomach

Nostril just for smelling

wash water over gills while feeding to breathe

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7
Q

Evolution of jaws

A

Serial theory - evolution from branchial arches

Branchial arches migrate forming hyoid and mandibular arch

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8
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed vertebrates with mineralised skeleton

Chondrichthyes

Chimeras

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9
Q

Extinct Gnathostomes

A

Placoderms

demersal/benthopelagic

Heavy head shield

Tooth plates - sharp for cutting - flat for grinding

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10
Q

Extant gnathostomes

A

Chondrycthyes

Elasmobranchs (sharks + rays) + Holocephalans (chamaeriformes - rabbit/rat fish)

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11
Q

Cimaeriformes

A

Rabbit + rat fish

Benthic pred of inverts

Fairly deep water

Have operculum and no separate gill slits

Cartilagenous flap over gills

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12
Q

Condricthyes scales

A

Placoid scales

Dermal denticels

small

Rough

Allow skin to flex

decrease in friction

come through dermis + epidermis

Layer of enamel over dentine interior around pulp cavity

Similar structure to teeth

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13
Q

Serial tooth eruption

A

Constant tooth replacement

Always teeth forming

replacement as high as every week

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14
Q

Buoyancy is elasmobranchs

A

Relatively dense - good for benthic rays - bad for pelagic sharks

Sharks must generate lift

Dynamic lift - requires movement - heterocercal tail - hydroplane pectoral fins

Static lift - LD oils in body - lowers density - stored in liver - squalene - liver is 25% body mass

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15
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Water tends to flow out - ions in

High urea concentration to retain water

ion pump in gills + rectal glands - get rid of ions

Freshwater - lower blood ion and urea conc

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16
Q

Gills of sharks

A

5-7 gill pouches - open independently

Spiracle - vestigle gill slit found between hyoid and mandibular arches

Gill slits spread between branchial arches

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17
Q

Jaw protrusion of sharks

A

hyoid and mandibular arches can swing forward

Ventral + forward jaw shift

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18
Q

Manta rays

A

pelagic filter feeders

enlarged filter feeders

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19
Q

Reproduction of elasmobranchs

A

Internal fertilisation

Males have claspers to help transfer

Oviparity - eggs laid + develop outside female in mermaids purse (skates + some sharks)

Viviparity - internal brooding - yolk sac placenta transfer (some sharks and rays

Ovoviparity - internal brooding - no transfer of nutrients (most sharks)

Parthenogenesis - asexual (hammer and bamboo)

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20
Q

Sensory systems in elasmobranchs

A

Vision - low light adaptions - tapetum in eyes

Ears - detect vibrations via sound pressure waves

Lateral line - mechanosensory - line of longitudinal pores - cilia + cupula jelly

Olfaction - v good

Passive electroreception - detection of E fields of others - ampullae of Lorenzi - head/nose of shark/ wings of rays

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21
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish

Sarcopterygii - fleshy finned fish

Actinopterygii - ray finned fish

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22
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Ray finned

Largest group of jawed fish

Chindrostei

Neopterygii

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23
Q

Chondrosteans

A

Sturgeons - grow to 8m

Heterocercal tail

Anadromous - live in salt - breed in fresh

20 years to mature - live up to 100

American paddlefish - paddle has electroreceptors - can detect individual zooplankton

Bichir - lungs (not lungfish) - internal gas bladder - drown if don’t inhale fresh gulps of air

Secondary loss of bone - mainly cartilage - presence of spiricle

Ganoid scales - enamel - vascular bone - lamella bone

24
Q

Types of scales

A

Cosmoid - Enamel - dentine - vascular bone - lamella bone (sarcopterigians)

Ganoid - Enamel - vascular bone - lamella bone (Chondrosteans)

Cycloid - Lamella bone only (teleosts)

Ctenoid - lamella bone only (teleosts)

25
Q

Neopterygians

A

Holosteans

Teleosts

26
Q

Holosteans

A

Bowfin/Gar

Primitive

Partial freeing of upper jaw from cheekbone - efficient feeding

Lighter scales than chondosteans

27
Q

Teleost swim bladders

A

lowers density of teleost

evolved from ancestral lung

Outer layer-guanine crystals + elastic fibres

inner layer - collagen + smooth muscle + nerves to detect change in gas volume

Types - physostomous (pneumatic duct connected to gut) + physoclistous

Gas gland

Rete mirabile - knot of capillaries

Gas enters at bottom + leaves at top (ovale)

Can achieve neutral buoyancy

Energetically efficent

Dynamically unstable - no rapid changes in depth

Large depth migrators - was esters instead - lantern fish

28
Q

Modified swim bladder function

A

Sound reception - act as a hydrophone via ossicles (carp, minnows + related fish)

Sound production - Large - use as drum - vibrates - courtship - communication (cod/gurnard)

Gas exchange - use like lung - closely related evolutionary

29
Q

Teleost muscles

A

Arranged in efficient blocks of red and white

Red - thin sheet under skin - high mitochondria - continuos swimming

White - runs helically - anaerobic high speed swimming

30
Q

Teleost locomotion

A

Muscles contract in waves from nose to tail

31
Q

Different modes of teleost swimming

A

Anguilliform - almost whole body movement - eels

Subcarangiform

Carangiform

Thunniform

Ostraciliform - only tail fin ocillates

32
Q

Tails

A

Heterocercal - chondostteans

Homocercal

33
Q

Fins

A

Lepidotrichia - fin rays

Less motile fish have pelvic fins further forward

some lost pelvic fins

Roll - Median fins (dorsal and anal)

Yore - Pectoral fins

Pitch - pelvic and pectoral

34
Q

Fin modifications

A

Sexual selection

Anglerfish lure - first ray of dorsal

Protection and prey capture - lion fish

Wings for gliding - flying fish

Spines for walking - pectoral fin rays - gurnards

fused pelvic - form sucker/anchor - gobies

Pectorals can hold body weight - loco on land - mudskipper

Sucker like dorsal - remora

35
Q

Non teleost ray finned Jaws

A

Fused - moveable maxilla + premaxilla

Rapid opening of jaw - pushes food + water away from the mouth

36
Q

Teleost Jaws

A

Unfused - decoupling + jaw kinesis - from protrusible jaw

Mouth cavity expands laterally

Water movement into mouth via suction

Better prey handling and swallowing

Pharyngeal jaws - modified gill arches into second set of jaws - moray eels

37
Q

Teleost teeth

A

Vililform - elongate needle like - viper fish

Bladelike - triangular - piranha

Caniniform - fang like - snapper

Cardifrom - numerous, small pointed sand paper like

Molariform - flattened, crushers, grinders - sheepshead

38
Q

Ram feeders

A

Feed on the swim - filter/chase prey/suction

39
Q

Oral manipulators

A

scrape and bite

40
Q

Gills

A

Opercular gills

Gill arch

Rakers

Filament

counter current flow - 85% extraction

41
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Freshwater - hypertonic - low skin permeability to ions + water - very dilute urine - active uptake of salts via gills + kidney

Seawater - hypotonic - low skin permeability to ions + water - low urine production - concentrated - Drink sea water and excrete salts

Diadromous species - change physiology when between sea + freshwater

42
Q

Protogynous hermaphroditism

A

Female - male (dominant male in group)

43
Q

Protandrous hermaphroditism

A

Male - female (dominant female)

44
Q

True hermaphrodite

A

Both ovaries + testies active

45
Q

Self fertilisation

A

Mangrove killi fish

46
Q

Iteroparity

A

Reproduce several times

47
Q

Semelparity

A

Breed once then die ‘big bang’ - salmon + eels

48
Q

Migrations

A

Spawning seasonality

49
Q

Anadramous

A

Sea - freshwater

50
Q

Potadromous

A

Entirely in fresh

51
Q

Oceanodromous

A

Entirely marine

52
Q

Catadrmous

A

Fresh to sea

53
Q

Sarcopterygians

A

Lobe finned fish

Actinistia

Dipnoi

54
Q

Actinistia

A

Coelacanths

Large with fleshy fins

Muscles outside body - homologous to tetrapod limb bones

Live young

Single male paternity

55
Q

Dipnoi

A

Lungfish

Powerful jaws - crushing teeth

Paired fins - thick central lobe (bone, muscle and fin rays)

Lungs retained - gulp air - allows for survival in stagnant water with low pp of O2

4 African species - bite out mud in dry seasons to form burrow - mucus cocoon - breathe air via mud tube to surface - ventilate lungs once an hour - survive 4 - 6 months

Diversity of life (9 decks)

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