L18 - Conditioning in Drug Use Flashcards
Pavlov drug conditioning study
- Given dogs US of morphine, they would become restless
- Pair bell with it after a number of pairing they would be restless to the bell, respond to stimuli as if I was taking a drug
Hedonistic effects of drugs
Drug -> good outcome ( positive reinforcement)
Role of context in drug taking
Context acts as a discriminative stimulus to see out drugs as a reward and even become conditioned reinforcers in their own right
Put the rat in either side of the chamber, given cocaine in one context and see where they want to spend more time.
- Much more likely to spend more time in cocaine context
Context itself is becoming a conditioned reinforcer
Berridge two independent systems for positive motivation
1: Wanting system (incentive motivation)
2: a liking system (part of the hedonic system that underlies affective responses such as pleasure
Drug addicts report wanting the drug even after ceasing to like it. This suggests we have 2 independent brain systems for positive motivation.
Needle freak phenomenon
Just shooting up with saline leads to a high because of the process of shooting up
Motivation for drug taking: WANTING SYSTEM
(incentive motivational system)
Causes us to approach cues associated with desirable substance, engage in actions to get this substance. It is normally engaged by biological importance (water, sex).
And through Pav conditioning, CSs can also acquire incentive value (money)
Relationships between wanting and liking
we want things we like
liking is controlled by a negative feedback menchanism (satiety)
wanting has not neg feedback of its own, it requires neg feedback from the liking system
Often drug users want drugs long after they have stopped liking it
Biological state determining what we like experiment
- Rat tends to prefer sugar more than salt however if you restrict salt intake then they like salt as much as sugar, deprivation increases relative reward
Reverse effects, as much sugar as it could possibly want the value of sugar would go down
Types of tolerance
Internal sensitivity - increase metabolism, decreased receptor sensitivity
Behaviour tolerance - accustomed to effects of drug
Can also be specific to cues and situations with ingestion - Suggests the role of associative learning
Motivation for drug taking: LIKING SYSTEM
(part of the hedonic system)
Controlled by negative feedbacks such as satiety etc., and activates the wanting system (we want things we like)
Siegel Opietes in rats
When tested in different context and tolerance changes then context impacts tolerance
- New vs old context for rats and heroin
- Group B were must less likely to OD when they stay in the same cage
Suggested conditioned tolerance
Remington, Roberts, Glautier
Show effect of context and different effects in humans
Tolerance
An internal decreased response sensitivity
Opponent Process Model
Drugs have a large effect on the Central Nervous System that cause physiological changes (these changes are the A-process).
Attempting to maintain or regain homeostasis after drug taking causes the body to initiate drug compensatory responses (these responses are the B-process)
Experienced impact of Drug = A + B
Initial high followed by state of withdrawal
B process slower but lasts longer
What do drug users do to stop withdrawal?
Take more of the drug. Short term fix but causes B state to grow, and user must take more and more of the drug to get a high - tolerance
