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Yr 3 Infection > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the WHO definition of zoonoses?

A

Infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans

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2
Q

Malaria, Schistosomiasis, Oncoceriasis and elephantiasis are NOT zoonoses. Why do these not classify as zoonoses?

A

Even though they are transmitted from animals, they depend on human host as part of life cycle

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3
Q

What are examples of an anthroponosis (humans infecting animals. ‘Reverse zoonoses’)?

A

> Influenza (virus infecting birds, pigs)
‘Strep throat’ (bacteria affecting dogs)
Leishmaniasis (parasite infecting dogs)
Chytridiomycosis (fungus affecting amphibians)

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4
Q

List some examples of bacterial zoonoses?

A
  • Salmonella
  • Campylobacter
  • Shigella
  • E. coli
  • Leptospirosis
  • Plague
  • Psittacosis
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5
Q

List some examples of viral zoonoses?

A
  • Rabies
  • Avian influenza
  • Ebola
  • West Nile fever
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6
Q

List some examples of parasite zoonoses?

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Cysticercosis
  • Echinococcosis
  • Visceral larva migrans
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7
Q

What are fungal and prion zoonoses?

A

Fungal

  • Dermatophytoses
  • Sporotrichosis

Prions
-CJD

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8
Q

What are examples of more common zoonoses in the UK?

A
  • Salmonella
  • Campylobacter
  • Toxoplasma
  • Psittacosis: Chlamydophila psittaci
  • Q fever: Coxiella burnetti
  • Ringworm
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9
Q

What are examples of rarely seen zoonoses in the UK?

A
  • Anthrax
  • Rabies
  • Bubonic plague
  • Tularaemia
  • Acute brucellosis
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10
Q

List some emerging zoonoses? (newly evolved/occured previously but shows increase in incidence/expansion in geographical, host or vector range)

A
  • Avian influenza
  • Nipah virus
  • Rabies
  • Brucellosis
  • Monkeypox
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11
Q

What is rabies and how is it transmitted?

A

Viral infection (lyssavirus) transmitted via animal bite

Animals include dogs (97%), bats, monkeys, foxes, racoons

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12
Q

What is the incubation period of rabies?

A

Can be 2 weeks to several months

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13
Q

Rabies travels to brain via peripheral nerves. What does it then cause?

A

Acute encephalitis

  • Malaise, headache and fever
  • Progress to mania, lethargy and coma
  • Overproduction of saliva and tears
  • Can’t swallow and osmophobia
  • Death by resp failure
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14
Q

What is the diagnosis and treatment of Rabies?

A

Diagnosis

  • PCR of saliva/CSF
  • Difficult, often found on post mortem

Treatment
-Immediately give post exposure prophylaxis: Human rabies immunoglobulin around bite (if possible)

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15
Q

Brucellosis causing organisms are excreted in milk, placenta and aborted foetuses of livestock. When can humans become infected?

A

> During milking infected animals
During parturition
Handling carcasses of infected animals
Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products

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16
Q

Describe the Brucella organisms appearance

A

Small, gram negative coccobacilli

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17
Q

Discuss the following about Brucella Melitensis (1st of 3 Brucella organisms)

  • Human virulence
  • Animal host
  • Geographic area
A
  • Most virulent in humans out of 3 organisms
  • Goats, sheep and camels are hosts
  • Mediterranean area
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18
Q

Discuss the following about Brucella Suis (2nd of 3 Brucella organisms)

  • Human virulence
  • Animal host
  • Geographic area
A
  • Relatively virulent in humans
  • Pigs are hosts
  • N/S America, SE Asia
19
Q

Discuss the following about Brucella Abortus (3rd of 3 Brucella organisms)

  • Human virulence
  • Animal host
  • Geographic area
A
  • Least virulent in humans out of 3 organisms
  • Cattle, buffalo are hosts
  • Worldwide
20
Q

What is the incubation period of Brucellosis?

A

5-30 days (up to 6m)

21
Q

What do you see in an acute presentation of Brucellosis? (lasts 1-3 weeks)

A
  • High ‘undulant’ fever
  • Weakness, headaches
  • Drenching sweats
  • Splenomegaly
22
Q

What do you see in a subacute presentation of Brucellosis? (>1m)

A
  • Fever

- Joint pains (knee, hip, back)

23
Q

What do you see in a chronic presentation of Brucellosis? (months/years)

A
  • Flu like symptoms
  • Malaise
  • Depression
  • Chronic arthritis
  • Endocarditis
  • Epididymo-orchitis
  • Rarely meningism
  • Splenomegaly
24
Q

In subclinical brucellosis, how many have positive serology?

A

50%

25
Q

What is the treatment for Brucellosis? What would you do in CNS disease?

A

> Long acting Doxycycline 2-3 months
Rifampicin
IM gentamycin for first weeks

Add cotrimoxazole for 2 weeks in CNS disease

26
Q

Regarding leptospirosis, what organisms cause it and how is it transmitted?

A

> Leptospira icterohaemorrhagica (fish)
Leptospira hardjo (cattle) is commest form now

Cattle, fish, rats

27
Q

What are the leptospirosis symptoms when infected with L. icterohaemorrhagica?

A
  • Flu symptoms
  • Jaundice
  • Renal failure
28
Q

What are the leptospirosis symptoms when infected with L. hardjo?

A
  • Fever
  • Meningism
  • No jaundice
29
Q

Leptospirosis organisms (spirochaetes) exist in contaminated water, mud and soil. What activities associated with these pose as risk factors?

A
  • Planting
  • Hunting
  • Gutting
  • Canoeing
  • Weeding
  • Fishing
  • Swimming
30
Q

How does humans become infected with Leptospirosis?

A

Penetrated abraded skin or mucous membranes

31
Q

What contact is needed for humans to be infected? What is the incubation period?

A

> direct contact with animal (cattle/fish/rats)
Contact with environment contaminated with urine

Incubation period 2-30 days (usually 10-14d)

32
Q

What are the symptoms of Leptospirosis?

A
  • Undifferentiated fever
  • Myalgia
  • Headaches
  • Abd pain
33
Q

Severe Leptospirosis occurs in 5-15% patients. How does it present?

A
  • Weils disease (Triad of jaundice, AKI, bleeding)
  • Pul. haemorrhage
  • Fatality 5-40%, >50% in pul. haem.
34
Q

How do you diagnose Leptospirosis?

A 
>Microscopic agglutination test
>ELISA serology
>PCR
>Culture
>Noticing clues eg fever in cattle farmer, exposed to water or rats
35
Q

What is the treatment for Leptospirosis?

A
  • Doxycycline for mild disesase, IV penicillin for severe
  • Prompt dialysis
  • Mechanical ventilation
36
Q

Lyme disease is most common in summer months (active >4 degrees). How is it transmitted?

A

By tick:

  • Ixodes ricinus (Europe)
  • Ixodes scapularis pacificus (N America)
  • Ixodes persulcatus (Asia)
37
Q

Erythema Migrans preddents in 80-90% of Lyme cases. When does it present after bite?

A

3-90 days after bite (usually 7-30d). Used as clinical diagnosis

38
Q

Acrodermatitis Chronica Atroficans presents in the elderly sufferers of Lyme disease. How does it present?

A

> Bluish-red discolouration: progresses over months to years to atrophic phase
Peripheral neuropathy common

39
Q

Lymphocytoma is more common in children than adults in Lyme sufferers. How does it present?

A

Bluish solitary painless nodule on earlobe/areola

40
Q

Neuroborreliosis presents in around 15% Lyme sufferers. How does it present?

A

> 2-6 weeks after bite usually
Facial nerve palsy
Radicular pain
Cranial nerve palsy - facial palsy, in 50%

41
Q

In America, what symptoms present more often in Lyme borreliosis?

A

Cardiac disorders (8-10%): Carditis, heart block

Arthritis (large joints, often knees)

42
Q

How do you diagnose Lyme disease?

A

> Erythema Migrans a clinical diagnosis
ACA and lymphocytoma clinical and high serology titres
Arthritis v high serology titres from synovial fluid. PCR
Exclude other causes of neuro symptoms
CSF pleocytosis, often lymphocytic
Paired blood and CSF serology

43
Q

What is the treatment of Lyme disease?

A

> Oral doxycycline/Amoxicillin

>IV Ceftriaxone

Yr 3 Infection (12 decks)

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