8 - Prejudice Flashcards

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1
Q

Prejudice vs Discrimination vs Stereotyping

A

• All refer to how we perceive and act toward members of social groups
• People’s relations to other groups
Affect -> Prejudice
Behavior -> Discrimination
Cognition -> Stereotyping

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2
Q

Discrimination

A

Discrimination: Negative or positive behavior directed towards a social group and its members because of their group membership

• Only that group (and others like it) receive that treatment

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3
Q

Prejudice

A

Prejudice: Positive or negative feelings and evaluations about others based on knowledge of their group memberships

Hot prejudice: motivated, thoughtful, outward
o e.g. protest of the mosque built around WTC

Cold prejudice: less motivated, subtler, implicit feelings that becomes expressed in behavior, but not in such a strong way.

o e.g. scrutiny, airport screenings

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4
Q

what are social groups?

A

• People who share a meaningful social characteristic
o Meaningful to them and/or to others

• As usual, what is meaningful will depend on the situation and what is salient and on accessibility and applicability
o Categorization is flexible

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5
Q

sources of prejudice

A

no real integrated theory

Roughly divided into four sources
• Emotional (1930s)
• Personality (1950s)
• Social (1960s)
• Cognitive (1980s)

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6
Q

emotional sources of prejudice

frustration-aggression theory

scapegoat

realistic conflict theory

A

o Prejudice comes from frustration

o Frustration-Aggression Theory
• Preventing people from obtaining some thing that is desirable or sought after – you displace this and put it on to another group

scapegoating -  Scapegoat theory: outgroups are targeted when things are not going well for ingroup

  • • Hovland & Sears (1940) - economic conditions were bad, the number of lynchings increased
  • Miller BUgelski - camp attendees deprived of night out, incrased prejudice against Japs and Mexicans

more likely when frustrations are vague

Realistic conflict theory - Prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources

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7
Q

o Frustration-Aggression Theory

A

• Preventing people from obtaining some thing that is desirable or sought after – you displace this and put it on to another group
• Scapegoating
 Scapegoat theory: outgroups are targeted when things are not going well for ingroup

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8
Q

o Realistic Conflict Theory

A

• Prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources
• More anti-black feelings among poor whites living near poor blacks in US (Tumin, 1958; Pettigrew, 1978)
• Perception of different social groups change according to what is going on in the world
 In the absence of conflict, generally positive views arise

E.g. Japs princeton impressions were only negative during war

Muzafer Sherif (1961)
• Conflict and competition incites prejudice
and aggression
Robber’s Cave Study
• All boys camp - Robber’s Cave State Park,
Oklahoma “Good boys” matched on SES,
education, etc.
• 22 boys about 12 years of age (2 groups)

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9
Q

Robber’s Cave study

A

• Phase 1: Creation of ingroups (which thus creates outgroups)
• Phase 2: Created friction between the groups by making the groups aware of one another and then engaging them in competition
o Groups would taunt each other (taunting songs, flag burning, cabin raid)
• Retaliation got out of hand – hostility, intense friction
• Each group developed stereotypes about the group
• Phase 3: How can the conflict be resolved?
o Integration can lead to conflict resolution

o Both groups had to work towards the same goal – fix the camp’s water supply
o After the cooperative activities, they were more likely to make friends from the other group

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10
Q

• Personality sources of prejudice

A

• Prejudice is rooted in an Authoritarian
personality

• Power: love and respect for power
• Rigidity
• Hostility towards outsiders
• Political conservatism
• Love for a rigid social hierarchy

evidence is mixed

**• Most of the research was done by examining explicit attitudes **

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11
Q

• Social sources of prejudice

A

o Prejudice embedded in norms and values of a culture/society
o Socialization and conformity drive prejudice and stereotypes
o Transmitted explicitly through products of culture (e.g. media, jokes)

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12
Q

socialization

A

• Socialization teaches people what to think

• Eagly & Steffen (1984): Does the
distribution of males and females into
different social roles help explain gender
stereotyping?……

when no job info, people inferred women less likely to be employed than men (56% vs 80%)

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13
Q

• Cognitive sources of prejudice

A

• Decline in self-reported prejudice, but still discrimination
• Prejudice as unfortunate by-product of normal cognitive
functioning

  • Stereotypes, ways of maintaining cognitive economy and of categorizing people; they have their advantages:
  • Diminish the cognitive load.

• Cognitions about category member are activated so you can deal with information about the individual

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14
Q

social categorization

and outgroup homogeneity effect

A

o Social categorization: identifying individuals as members of a social group because they possess (a) feature(s) that is thought to be typical of that group

rooted in low-level cognitive process

can lead to  Outgroup homogeneity effect:

• Outgroup: the group to which you (the perceiver) don’t belong
• Ingroup: the group to which you belong
 **Members of the outgroup are seen to be more similar to one another **

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