10.1

Question 1

H2Guanine

Answer 1

“Guanine is GeronimO driving a H2 Hummer”

Question 2

Thymine - “Ooo, Thymine” (waves hand)

Answer 2

Waving hand at thymine

Question 3

Uracil/uridine

Answer 3

bonds with Adenine

UT

uridine = nucleoside

Question 4

cytosine/cytidine

Answer 4

CytiDine = D - DUAL = nucleoside; also: deoxycytidine

CytoSINE = nitrogenous base!

Question 5

thymine/thymidine

Answer 5

• DINE = nucleoside

- MINE - nitrogenous base

Question 6

adenine/adenosine

guanine/guanosine

Answer 6

ADENINE = nitrogenous base
adenosine = NUCELOSIDE

AG pure = S is nucleoside

Question 7

dNTP (name the four types)

Answer 7

deoxy NUCLEOSIDE TriPhosphate

dATP
dGTP
dTTP
dCTP

Question 8

hydrolysis of pyrophosphate

Answer 8

HIGH-ENERGY anhydride linkage

like a wound-up spring

deltaG* = -7 kCal/mol (but deltaG is even lower)

the negative charges repel each other strongly

orthophosphate (phosphate) has resonance forms thus lower free energy than linked phosphates; also orthophosphate has favorable interactions with solvent (water)

Question 9

UTP

Answer 9

activate glucose-1-P in glycogenesis

Question 10

GTP

Answer 10

protein synthesis

Question 11

nucleoside and the linkage between carbon and nitrogen

Answer 11

ribose (or deoxyribose) with NB linked to 1 carbon in a BETA-N-glycosidic linkage

Question 12

nucleotides

Answer 12

ATP: Adenosine Tri Phosphate

Question 13

DNA is right/left-handed

Answer 13

RIGHT-HANDED double helix

van der waals interactions between bases

Question 14

ratio of purines to pyrimidines is ALWAYS 50:50

Answer 14

50:50

Question 15

DNA gyrase

Answer 15

enzyme in prokaryotes that creates twisted SUPERCOILS

Question 16

histone

Answer 16

a PROTEIN

multiple histones called a bead, NUCLEOSOME (8 beads)

Fully packed DNA = chromatin

HETEROCHROMATIN = DENSER dark regions, full of repeats

EUCHROMATIN - less dense, lighter regions = HIGHER GENE ACTIVITY (“Euuuw they’re so productive”)

Question 17

p q

Answer 17

p = pequeno (short arm)

Metacentric (medium), submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric

centromere and kinetochore (multi-protein complexes that anchor the spindle fibers)

Question 18

telomere

Answer 18

5’-TTAGGG-3’

single-stranded for 300 bps at the very end

telomere cap proteins distinguish telomeres from ds breaks

telomere = disposable buffer

prokaryotes = circular DNA = NO TELOMERES

Question 19

hnRNA

Answer 19

first transcript, HETEROGENOUS nuclear RNA

heterogenous = mixed with introns and exons

add cap and tail, splice => mature mRNA

ONLY FOUND IN EUKARYOTES (prokaryotes do NOT process their RNA)

Question 20

non-coding RNA

Answer 20

tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, miRNA (microRNA), siRNA

rRNA - MAJOR COMPONENT of ribosome

Humans have 4 types of rRNA (18S, 5.8S, 28S, 5S)

catalytic RNAs (ribozymes) are like enzymes

small interfering RNA and miRNA function in RNA interference (RNAi), which is POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL regulation of gene expression (“MI SI post-transcriptional regulation”)

small nuclear RNA = 150 nucleotides, associate with proteins to form snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleic particles) in the SPLICING! Sniper splices

Question 21

Q: alternative splicing

Answer 21

choosing exons

exon shuffling - exons from different genes (recombination or transposon)

nesting of genes - exons of 1 gene are in the intron of a separate gene

interruption - introns INTERRUPT the whole gene

Question 22

methylated DNA

Answer 22

higher melting point because reduced electrostatic repulsion