Time orientation

Question 1

what is time orientation

Answer 1

tendency to be motivated by one temporal frame over another

past, present or future

Question 2

time is a

Answer 2

concept, naturally assigning temporal categories to add structure, order and meaning

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

different self everyday
there is an ability to connect different selves as we know our selves exist over different time frames
we have different experiences and thoughts across time, the same as having a different self every day

OUR SELF EXTENDS ACROSS TIME but ALSO STAYS THE SAME - can connect

Question 4

self continuity

Answer 4

integration of the temporally petitioned selves

Question 5

why is time orientation important for health

Answer 5

physical inactivity and unhealthy diet - precursor for development of chronic disease

Health behaviours are the prototypical self regulation task involving making inter-temporal choices

give in to immediate desires of focus on the larger more long lasting goal

could result in a distal shift

Question 6

associations with health behaviours

Answer 6

preventative health behaviours (future)
health promoting behaviours (future)
health risky behaviours (present and future)

Question 7

Hall Fong & Sansone 2015

Answer 7

multiple measures of health behaviours and body composition
time perspective predicts health behaviour
health behaviour (HBI) predicts BMI
time perspective (TPQ) negatively predicts BMI
higher scores on time perspective questionnaire = future

23% obese in low time orientation

Question 8

Sansone et al (2012)

Answer 8

time perspective and smoking

high future orientation = less likely to smoke

Question 9

BMI > 25

Answer 9

overweight

Question 10

BMI > 30

Answer 10

obese

Question 11

Orbell and Hagger (2006)

Answer 11

type 2 diabetes screening
preventative behaviour = screening for diabetes

Difficult to shift cognitive biases of time orientation so instead tailor the importance of screening messaged so that it maps onto/is congruent with their existing temporal orientation.

1) High-CFC (consideration of future consequences) individuals were expected to be more sensitive to distant consequences that are both positive and negative
2) Low-CFC were expected to be more sensitive to immediate consequences that are both positive and negative.

Future time perspective is associated with better practice of health-promoting and preventive behaviours,
whereas low FTP and present orientation are associated with health risky behaviours

Question 12

health messages

Answer 12

Tailoring health messages to time orientation can help maximise their benefits for health behaviour intentions

Question 13

procrastination

Answer 13

don’t often think about future consequences

common self regulatory problem

Question 14

common self regulatory problem

Answer 14

unnecessary and voluntary delay in important intended tasks

temporally bound behaviour for present and future self

Question 15

Sirois and Pychyl

Answer 15

Priority of short-term mood regulation is central to understanding procrastination

Occurring for tasks that are: boring, frustrating, lacking meaning

Switching to more pleasurable/rewarding immediate tasks as a means of coping [giving in to feeling good]

Question 16

poor intertemporal choices

Answer 16

past you - make intention to act but dont
past you - puts burden on self in future
present you - has to deal with unfinished task
- believes future self can do it

Question 17

Sirois (2014)

Answer 17

stress focus’ on more immediate concerns

If you have a behaviour characteristic (personality traits - impulsivity) that focus’ on immediate rewards, the future consequences loom less than the present = develop present orientation.

There is no cognitive bias that has been developed for the future, developed over time

Question 18

future self continuity

Answer 18

future self can differ in how close it feels to us

circles that overlap represent greater closeness

Question 19

Sirois (2014)

Answer 19

future orientation and general procrastination (study 1)
- future self continuity r=-.24** = feel distant

study 2
does the distance from future self explain difficulties with health behaviours
procrastination related to less practice of health promoting behaviours (less emotionally close to future self)
11% in health behaviours explained

Question 20

stress orientation hypothesis

Answer 20

when stressed our pathway of psychophysiological responses are activated (threat) - amygdala

when activated, it impacts how we think
cognitive narrowing - focus on stressor

• struggle to think about future time perspective

Question 21

procrastination and health

Answer 21

direct - stress which is immediate

indirect - health behaviours (dekay making medical appointments, practice fewer health promoting behaviours)

Question 22

procrastination - health model

Answer 22

stress and treatment both explained why procrastination is linked to higher reports of illness

Question 23

temporal self appraisal theory

Answer 23

tendency to derogate distant past selves and praise recent past selves (Wilson and Ross, 2001)

students prompted to view further past self rated themselves more negatively (creates idea for distance and time for growth)

Question 24

temporal landmarks and self appraisal

Answer 24

we can change our perception of time to the degree to which we think about temporal landmarks

which can alter the temporal landscape

past self seems further away if there is a landmark in the way

Question 25

Sirois IJBM (2015)

Answer 25

IBD and arthritis
introduction of temporal distance
no significant difference between recent and distant condition
temporal self appraisal theory doesn’t hold when looking at chronic illness

temporal landmarks did hold - influenced subjective perception of time
IBD = 52.9%, A = 50.3% YES

Question 26

Jylha (2009) - future self with chronic illness

Answer 26

condition will never go away
sense of future self should stay the same at best or get worse

She suggests that the rating of health depends on:
what we mean by health,
the cultural conceptualisations of health,
past health (have we been sick before),
mental state and
psychological traits (so we focus on our issues or overlook them)
– converge on one health rating (scale from excellent to poor)

Question 27

Hall et al (2012) - time perspective and management of type 2 diabetes

Answer 27

influence of time perspective on 2 weight management behaviours
- physical activity
- diet
longitudinal design
negative relationship between intentions and future time orientation with respect to diet and eating fatty foods

future time orientation = less fatty foods

positive relationship between future time perspective and intending to exercise

Question 28

procrastination associated with

Answer 28

neuroticism and agreeableness

poor cardiovascular health

poor coping

Question 29

testing an extension of the procrastination health model

Answer 29

Sirois (2015)
stress of disease exacerbates things
every point up in procrastination scores = chances of hypertension and cardiovascular disease increase by 60%

association with maladaptive coping behaviours