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AS Biology > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

6 features always present in Prokaryotic

4 that are not always present

A 
Ribosome
Circular DNA
Cell surface membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Informing of cell surface membrane

Plasmid
Capsule
Pili
Flagellum

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2
Q

10 features of Eukaryotic

A 
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Rough ER
ribosome 
Cell surface membrane
Smooth ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Centrioles
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3
Q

9 stages in production of proteins

A

Transcription of DNA to MRNA
MRNA leaves nucleus
Protein made in ribosomes enter rough ER
Protein moves through ER to get 3D shape
Vesicles pinched off rough ER contain protein
Vesicles from rough ER fuse to form flattened sacs of Golgi
Proteins are modified within Golgi
Vesicles pinches off Golgi - modified protein
Vesicles dude with cell membrane releasing protein

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4
Q

What are the gametes

A

Sperm and ovum

Sex cells

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5
Q

How does ovum move

A

Waited along oviducts from ovary to the uterus by ciliates cells lining the tubes and muscular contractions

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6
Q

Purpose of cytoplasm of ovum

A

Contains protein and lipid food reserves for a developing embryo

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7
Q

How does the sperm moves

2

A

Long tail - flagellum

Powered by energy released by mitochondria

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8
Q

7 properties of ovum

A 
Cytoplasm
Haploid nucleus
Lysosomes
Follicle cells
Zona pellucida
Lipid droplets
Cell surface membrane
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9
Q

4 properties of sperm

A

Acrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Flagellum

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10
Q

Fertilisation process

8

A

Sperm reaches ovum

Chemicals released from surrounding cells- triggers acrosome reaction

Acrosome swells, fusing with sperm cell surface membrane

Digestive enzymes in acrosome released

Enzymes digest through follicle cells and zona pellucida

Sperm fuses with ovum membrane and enters

Enzymes released from lysosomes and thickens zone pellucida

Nucleus of ovum and sperm fuse

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11
Q

How do gametes form

A

Meiosis

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12
Q

2 roles of meiosis

A

Produce haploid cells (23)

create genetic variation

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13
Q

Role of epigenome

A

Insurance which genes can be transcribed

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14
Q

Genome

A

All the DNA containing a full set of genes

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15
Q

What is the epigenome made up of

A

DNA is wrapped around histone proteins both have chemical markers is this chemical markers that makes up the epigenome

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16
Q

How can his tone modification switch off genes

A

Addition of methyl and acetylene groups affects how tightly DNA is wrapped around histone

tightly wound means genes are in active because it prevents transcription to MRNA as RNA polymerases cannot bind so it cannot make the protein

AS Biology (2 decks)

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