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Bio 225 > Neurobiology 1 > Flashcards

Neurobiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The two major control systems in the body

A

The Nervous system and the endocrine system

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2
Q

What regulatory system is slow, sustained

A

Endocrine System

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3
Q

What regulatory system is rapid, transient

A

Nervous System

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4
Q

3 overlapping functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory input-> Integration(by interneurons)-> Motor Output (effectors)

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5
Q

Where does integration of sensory inputs occur

A

Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Chord)

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6
Q

Where does sensory input and motor output occur

A

Sensory receptors, Peripheral Nervous system, and effectors(legs)

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7
Q

What is the nervous system composed of

A

Neurons and Glia

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8
Q

Definition of Neuron

A

Structural and functional unit responsible or transfer of information via electrical and chemical communication

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9
Q

What is the neuron’s funtion

A

To conduct electrochemical impulses

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10
Q

What are electroimpulses caused by neurons called

A

Nerve inpulses or action potentials

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11
Q

What are neurons polarized both structurally and functionally for

A

For flowing information unidirectionally through its axon

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12
Q

Components of the neural cell body

A

Nucleus, cellular organelles, Nissl bodies (rough ER)

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13
Q

What are Nissl bodies

A

Rough ER, or sites of protein synthesis

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14
Q

How do you stain Nissl bodies

A

Cresyl violet stain

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15
Q

Who developed the staining method for Nissl bodies

A

Franz Nissl

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16
Q

What is the axon

A

Cystoplasmic extension of the neuron

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17
Q

Components of axon

A

Microtubules, Smooth ER, and vesicles.

NO ROUGH ER!

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18
Q

How many axons per neuron

A

Only 1

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19
Q

How wide are axons? (Not long)

A

Only microns in diameter

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20
Q

How long can axons grow

A

As long as 1 meter

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21
Q

What is transported through the axon

A

Vesicles filled with neurotransmitters and neuropeptides

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22
Q

Where are axonal vesicles sevreted

A

The synapse cleft or extracellular space

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23
Q

When are neurotransmitters not released by the axon

A

Development or injury

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24
Q

What happens in axons during development or injury

A

Ribosomes go through active protein synthesis

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25
Q

Where do axonal ribosomes during during development or injury come from

A

Neighboring glial cells by the tunneling of nanotubes between cells

26
Q

What are mirotubules

A

Conveyor belts running along the entire length of the axon that also serves a cytoskeletal role

27
Q

Microtubule functions:

A

To move vesicles, organelles like mitochondria. All via attachment of proteins called tubulins

28
Q

What is the chemical synapse

A

Junction between two neurons. Electrical activity in one alters the electrical activity in the other

29
Q

Ho do neurons communicate

A

Neurotransmitters

30
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between motor neuron and a muscle neuron and a muscle fiber

31
Q

What part of the neuron is highly branched

A

Dendrites

32
Q

What varies among different types of neurons

A

The number of dendrites. Even among the same dendrite over a period of time

33
Q

Dendrite function

A

To receive information from other neurons and carry the information toward the neuron’s cell body as an electrical signal

34
Q

What are dendritic spines

A

Projections that grow off of a dendrite

35
Q

Function of dendritic spines

A

Site of signal reception - where synapses are located. Have receptors for neurotransmitters

36
Q

What is neuroplasticity

A

When dendritic spines can change on a minute-to-minute basis

37
Q

What is the presynaptic neuron responsible for

A

Carries electrical signals to the synapse and releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

38
Q

What is the postsynaptic neuron responsible for

A

Carries electrical signals away from the synapse via the dendrites

39
Q

What is the postsynaptic density

A

Receptors (for neurotransmitters) that are located in the postsynaptic terminal

40
Q

Where is the axon hillock

A

The region where the axon joins and emerges from the cell body

41
Q

What is the axon hillock responsible for

A

Plays an essential role in integration and transmission of nerve signals

42
Q

Where is the transmembrane protein barrier located

A

Between the neuron’s cell body and the axon hillock

43
Q

What is the transmembrane protein barrier

A

The region that separates the plasma membrane of a neuron’s cell body and the axon hillock. Made of actin filaments.

44
Q

Axon hillock interactions

A

No synapses form from the axon hillock nor do any interact with it

45
Q

What is the axon hillock responsible for

A

To evaluate the nature of a signal received by the dendrites and the cell body. Integrates electrical signal and determines response.

46
Q

Where is the action potential generated

A

The axon hillock is where the action potential is generated

47
Q

What are afferent neurons (sensory or receptor neurons)

A

Neurons that carry nerve impulses from receptors or sensory organs towards the Central Nervous System

48
Q

What are interneurons

A

Neurons that relay information from afferent neurons to efferent neurons. Interneurons are only found in the Central Nervous System

49
Q

What are efferent neurons (motor neurons)

A

Carry nerve impulses away from the Central Nervous System to effectors such as muscles

50
Q

What are oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells in the Central Nervous System that form myelin to insulate axons

51
Q

What are astrocytes

A

Glial cells in the Central Nervous System that provide structural and metabolic support for neurons with material secured form the blood

52
Q

What type of glial cells for the blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier

53
Q

What are microglia

A

Glial cells in the Central Nervous System that are meant for neuronal maintenance by removing cell debris

54
Q

When are microglia activated

A

During trauma or disease

55
Q

What are microglia similar to

A

Macrophages that remove cell debris

56
Q

What are ependymal cells

A

Glial cells in the Central Nervous System that line the brain ventricles

57
Q

What are ependymal cells responsible for

A

To exchange molecules between ventricles and the brain

58
Q

What is a supporting cell of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Shwann cells

59
Q

What are Scwann cells responsible for

A

They form a myelin sheath to insulate axons in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

60
Q

Ratio of neurons and glial cells in the human brain

A

1 to 1. Differs in species

Bio 225 (11 decks)

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