Amines, amides and polyamides Flashcards

1
Q

What is the amine functional group?

A

primary: R-NH2
secondary: R-NH-R
Tertiary R-N(R)-R

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2
Q

How are amines named?

A

____yl #-amine

eg. propyl 2-amine

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3
Q

Describe intermolecular bonding in amines.

A

London forces, permanent dipoles and hydrogen bonds between the lone pair on N and delta + hydrogen atoms

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4
Q

Why are amines weak bases?

A

They can accept protons to form alkyl ammonium salts

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5
Q

How do amines accept protons?

A

The lone pair on the nitrogen atom can form a dative covalent bond with an H+ ion.

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6
Q

How can ammonia act as a nucleophile?

A

By donating the lone pair on the nitrogen atom

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7
Q

How are primary amines prepared?

A

By nucleophilic substitution onto haloalkanes

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8
Q

Give a general equation and conditions for the production of primary amines

A

haloalkane + excess ammonia —–> primary amine + hydrogen halide
Ethanol cosolvent

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9
Q

How can phenylamines be synthesised?

A

By the reduction of nitrobenzene

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10
Q

Give equations for the two steps for the synthesis of phenylamine from nitrobenzene.

A

Nitrobenzene + 6[H] + HCl ——> phenyl ammonium chloride + 2H20
Phenyl ammonium chloride + NaOH ——> Phenyl amine + H20 + NaCl

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11
Q

Give the conditions for the reduction of nitrobenzene to phenyl amine

A

Step 1: Sn catalyst and conc HCl

Step 2: NaOH in excess

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12
Q

How is nitrobenzene synthesised?

A

The electrophilic substitution of NO2+ onto an aromatic ring

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13
Q

How is the electrophile formed for the formation of nitrobenzene.

A

H2SO4 + HNO3 —–> NO2+ + HSO4- + H20

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14
Q

What are the conditions for the nitration of benzene?

A

50 degrees C
Conc nitric acid
Conc sulphuric acid

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15
Q

Which two funtional groups are present in amino acids?

A

Amine -NH2

Carboxylic acid -COOH

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16
Q

How do amino acids react with an acid?

A

The NH2 group accepts a proton to form a salt.

17
Q

How do amino acids react with hydroxide ions?

A

The carboxylic acid -OH group donates an H+ ion to form water.

18
Q

How do amino acids react with alcohols?

A

They form aminoesters

19
Q

What is the functional group of an amide?

A

CONH2

A carboxylic acid derivative with an NH2 group instead of an OH group

20
Q

How is a primary amide synthesised?

A

The reaction of an acyl chloride with ammonia.

21
Q

Give a general equation for the formation of primary amides.

A

acyl chloride + 2NH3 ——> primary amide + NH4Cl

22
Q

How is a secondary amide synthesised?

A

The reaction of an acyl chloride with a primary amine

23
Q

Give a general equation for the formation of secondary amides.

A

acyl chloride + 2 primary amine —–> secondary amide + alkylammonium chloride

24
Q

What are the three types of structural isomers?

A

Chain- different numbers or positions of side chains on the main carbon chain
Positional- the functional group is in a different position on the carbon chain
Functional group- the functional group is different

25
Q

What are optical isomers?

A

Molecules with the same structural formula but which are non-superimposible mirror images of each other.

26
Q

What are the conditions for optical isomerism?

A

A single carbon atom must be bonded to 4 different groups.