Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Of Thorax > Thorax 3 - Mediastinum > Flashcards

Thorax 3 - Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What separates mediastinum into superior + inferior

A

T4/5 horizontal line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mediastinum is divided into:

A

Superior mediastinum - superior thoracic aperture
Inferior Mediastinum - inferior thoracic aperture. It’s further divided into: anterior (sternum + pericardium), middle (pericadium + heart), posterior (pericardium + thoracic vertebrae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mediastinum contents (THOT GN)

A 
Trachea
Heart + pericardium
Oesophagus
Thoracic duct 
Great vessels
Nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does apex of heart lie

A

5th IC space in MCL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Great Veins passage

A

Internal jugular veins (head) + subclavian veins (upper limbs) form brachiocephalic veins. R+L brachiocephalic veins = SVC w drains into RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Superior mediastinum (anterior to posterior)

A 
Thymus behind sternum
Phrenic nerves
Great veins
Main lymphatic trunks
Vagus nerve 
Great arteries
Trachea + main bronchi
Upper oesophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Superior mediastinum - Azygous vein

A

drains posterior chest wall, upper abdomen + posterior mediastinum
Arches over R lung root and drains into SVC
Accessory Hemiazygous veins on L cross thoracic vertebral bodies to join azygous vein on RHS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Superior mediastinum - Arteries (4)

A

Aorta: ascending, arch, descending
Common carotid
Coronary artery
pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Superior mediastinum - common carotid

A

divides into external + internal carotids high in neck. Main arteries of head and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Superior mediastinum - coronary artery

A

L coronary artery arises from L aortic sinus

R coronary artery arises from R aortic sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Superior mediastinum - pulmonary trunk

A

divides into R + L pulonary arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What connects pulmonary trunk to descending aorta

A

ligamentum arteriosum (remenant of ductus arteriosus as blood bypassed lungs in foetal life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vagus nerves

A

Lateral to common carotid.

L vagus passes anterior to aortic arch, crosses behind lung root and gives L recurrent laryngeal nerve w branches in oesophagus

R vagus lies on trachea, crosses posterior to lung root and = R recurrent laryngeal nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Phrenic nerves are ___ of lung root

Vagus nerves are ____ of lung root

A 
Phrenic = anterior
Vagus = posterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Middle Mediastinum contents

A

Pericardium
Heart
Great vessel origin
Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pericardium (superior and inferior parts)

A

Inferiorly, continuous and blends w diaphragmatic central tendon
Superiorly, continuous and blends with outer layer of great vessels in superior mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pericardium has 2 layers

A

Fibrous - tough connective tissue outlines middle mediastinum boundaries. Blends w great vessels in superior mediastinum

Serous - has some fluid in it = movement of heart. Has parietal + visceral parts. Visceral adheres to heart and forms its outer covering. Parietal lines inner surfaces of fibrous pericardium

Parietal layer cont w visceral layer @2 reflections = oblique pericardial sinus posteriorly + transverse pericardial sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pericardial attachments

A

base - central tendon of diaphragm

anteriorly attached to sternum by sternopericardial ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

innervation of fibrous pericardium

A

phrenic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pericardial sinus

A

Transverse + Oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus

A

separates arteries + veins.
posterior to aorta + pulmonary trunk
anterior to SVC + veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oblique pericardial sinus

A

formed by reflection onto pulmonary veins of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

build up of excess fluid in pericardial cavity. Bc firbous pericardium is fixed, can’t expand v easily = increased pressure compresses heart (cardiac tamponade) = biventricular failure

24
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardial layers - common cause of chest pain + can lead to cardiac tamponade

25
Q

Branches of aortic arch

A

braciocephalic, L common carotid, L subclavian

Brachiocephalic goes to change

26
Q

Heart surfaces

A

Apex: formed by inferolateral part of LV
Base: LA, some RA, proximal parts of great veins.

Sides:diaphragmatic surface, R pulmonary (RA)), L pulmonary(LA + LV), anterior sternocostal surface (contains RV, some RA + LV)

27
Q

Valves

A

tricuspid (RA + RV): 3 cusps
mitral (LA + LV): 2 cusps
pulmonic (RV + Pulm): 3 cusps
aortic (LV + Aorta): 3 cusps

28
Q

Septa separating heart chambers

A

interatrial
interventricular
atrioventricular

29
Q

R coronary artery supplies

A

RA, RV, SAN, AVN, posteriorinferior 1/3rd of interventricular septum and some of posterior LV

30
Q

R coronary main branches

A

SAN artery
R marginal artery
Posterior descending

31
Q

L coronary artery supplies

A

LA, LV, atrioventricular branches and bundles

32
Q

L coronary artery main branches

A

circumflex artery - lateral supply, mainly LA and LV

Left anterior descending (LAD) - anterior supply

33
Q

Dominance of arteries

A

R dominant: if SAN + posterior descending comes from R coronary artery

L dominant if SAN + Posterior descending comes from L circumflex artery

34
Q

Cardiac veins (4)

A 
Great cardiac
Middle cardiac
Small cardiac
Posterior cardiac
drain into coronary sinus w empties into RA by opening of IVC
35
Q

Cardiac arrest vs MI

A

cardiac arrest - lack of heart beat generation

MI: heart muscle death bc of blockage

36
Q

Cardiac sympathetic innervation

A

T1-5 sympathetic nerves

37
Q

Dorsal root and ventral root

A

dorsal - where somatic/autonomic neurons enter

ventral - where they emerge

38
Q

IC somatic nerves

A

Arise from anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-11 as mixed nerves w form lateral cutaneous branches
These split into anterior + posterior branches innervating skin. End as lateral + medial branches w form anterior cutaneous branches

39
Q

Phrenic somatic nerves

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves C3-5 w combine to form 2 phrenic nerves

  • L = over aortic arch
  • R = lateral to SVC
40
Q

Autonomic visceral inenrvation

A

PS - C3,7,9,10 and S2-4

S - T1-L2 (sympathetic outflow from spinal cord)

41
Q

Sympathetic outflow from spinal cord

A

outflow originates lateral horns of spinal cord T1-L2
Preganglionic neurons exit via ventral horm
Enters sympathetic ganglion through white rami communicans
Synapse w postganglionic fibres in gnaglion and leave via grey rami communicans
postganglionic neuron then joins onto spinal nerve to go to target organ

42
Q

sympathetic nerves to lungs and heart

A

mainly T2-4

43
Q

PS outflow (5 nerves)

A 
Oculomotor (CN3)
Facial (CN7)
Glossopharyngeal (CN9)
Vagus (CN10)
Sacral (S2-4)
44
Q

Vagus Nerves

A

arise from medulla, leave skull through jugular foramina. .descend neck postolateral to common carotid artery
Both vagus nerves form plexus around oesophagus
R + L recurrent laryngeal nerves are branches

45
Q

Pulmonary plexus

A

PS nerves constrict bronchioles
S nerves dilate bronchioles
mix of S + PS nerves

46
Q

Cardiac plexus

A

sympathetic efferents increase HR and contraction force

PS efferents decrease HR

47
Q

Oesophageal Plexus:

A

S: pain sensation

part of ENS

48
Q

Which chamber of heart is pectinate muscle most numerous

A

RA - pectinate muscles fan out from crista and found in R auricle

49
Q

Trabeculae carnae (papillary muscles) are coarser/rougher in which chamber of heart

A

RV

50
Q

3 types of papillary muscle in RV

A

Anterior
Posterior
Septal

51
Q

most areas supplied w R coronary artery is drained by 2 cardiac veins:

A

Middle + small (R cardiac) veins

52
Q

The vessel draining the posterior wall of the thorax and abdomen, arching over the right lung root and draining into the SVC

A

Azygous veins

53
Q

Formed by the asymmetric union of right and left brachiocephalic veins

A

SVC

54
Q

Superior mediastinal structure almost non-existent in the elderly due to atrophy

A

Thymus

55
Q

Lymph nodes associated with the internal thoracic arteries

A

Parasternal nodes

Anatomy Of Thorax (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions