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Vision Therapy > Optometric Terms 3 > Flashcards

Optometric Terms 3 Flashcards

1
Q

MFBF

A

monocular fixation in a binocular field: used frequently in amblyopia therapy, it is a created situation where both eyes receive the peripheral info, while the amblyopic eye is presented with a detailed, central task that it alone can perceive

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2
Q

MFBF is used as a “bridge” between

A

monocular and binocular activities and is used to override the tendency of the “good eye” to exert active cortical inhibition over the amblyopic eye

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3
Q

myopia

A

“nearsightedness” condition in which in the uncorrected eye, light rays come to point focus in front of the retina

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4
Q

myopia is compensated for by

A

minus lenses

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5
Q

nasal

A

towards the nose

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6
Q

NPC

A

near point convergence: closest point that an object of regard can be moved toward the nose without loss of fusion

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7
Q

neglect

A

(visual neglect, hemispatial agnosia, visual/spatial neglect, or semi-imperception)

caused by: injury from a stroke or other trauma, neglect is a passive unconscious decreased awareness of part of the field of view or other stimuli to one side of the body

usually occurs with a visual field defect, but may occur in absence of field loss

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8
Q

a person with field loss

A

would be aware of the area of loss and like to make compensations

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9
Q

a person with visual neglect and field loss

A

unconsciously neglect the area of the field loss and be less likely to compensate for the defect

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10
Q

damage to the right side of the brain may cause both

A

visual field loss and visual neglect to the left side

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11
Q

how does right brain injury neglect compare to left?

A

usually more severe

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12
Q

most common site for visual neglect is

A

parietal lobe, but damage to frontal lobe and even deeper structures (thalamus and basal ganglia) may cause it

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13
Q

noncomitant

A

(incomitant) in strabismus the condition in which the angle of deviation is not constant, but varies according to position of gaze

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14
Q

causes for noncomitant

A

this may be due to paralysis of one or more of the extra-ocular muscles, or from scar tissues after surgery

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15
Q

nystagmus

A

refers to rapid involuntary movements of the eyes that may be from side to side (Horizontal nystagmus), up and down (vertical nystagmus) or rotary

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16
Q

optic nerve

A

part of the nervous system that transmits the impulses of sight from the retina along the visual pathways

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17
Q

how many branches of the optic nerve are there

A

11 currently known

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18
Q

OKN

A

optokinetic nystagmus: based on the principle that the eyes tend to follow or track the motion of one element at a time in a steadily moving display

as the tracked element moves out of sight, the eyes will “snap back” to fixate and follow another one

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19
Q

OKN in infant

A

sub cortically-mediated function is present at about five days after birth

can be used as an objective measure of an infant’s ability to see detail in a moving stimulus, such as a bar grating or OKN drum

the absence of an OKN response suggests that the infant may not perceive the elements of the moving target as separate

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20
Q

organic

A

caused by a pathological or anatomical problem

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21
Q

orthophoria

A

condition in which the position of the eyes is not changed when binocularity is broken or interrupted as during an alternate cover test

the doctor will see no movement upon removing the occluder

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22
Q

paired cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves emanate from the nervous tissue of the brain

ultimately exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull

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23
Q

motor components of the cranial nerves are derived from what? and control what (3 examples)

A

cells located in the brain that send axons out of the cranium where they ultimately control:

1) muscle (e.g. eye movements)
2) glandular tissue (e.g. salivary glands)
3) specialized muscle (e.g., heart or stomach)

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24
Q

sensory components of cranial nerves originate from

A

collections of cells that are located outside the brain; these collections of nerve cells bodies are called sensory ganglia

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25
Q

cranial nerve I

A

olfactory

smell

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26
Q

cranial nerve II

A

optic

vision

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27
Q

cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor

eye movement and pupil dilation

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28
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear

innervates superior oblique, turns eye down and in

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29
Q

cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal

chewing
somatosensory info from the face & mouth
touch and pain

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30
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens

moves eyes temporally

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31
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

facial

controls most facial expressions
secretion of tears & saliva
taste, somatosensory info from ear

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32
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear (auditory)

hearing
equilibrium and balance

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33
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal

taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue)
somatosensory info from tongue, tonsils, pharynx;
controls some muscles used in swallowing

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34
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagus

sensory motor, and autonomic functions of viscera (glands, digestion, heart)

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35
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

spinal accessory

controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoid
controls swallowing movements
controls muscles used in head movement

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36
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal

controls tongue movements

37
Q

palpebral fissure

A

the area of the eye seen when the lids are open

38
Q

Panum’s areas

A

in reality correspondence between the 2 eyes does not occur rigidly, point by point

to each retinal point there is a small elliptic-shaped zone in which an image may fall and still give rise to a common visual direction when stimulated simultaneously with a specific retinal point in the other eye

these zones are called Panama’s areas

39
Q

Panum’s areas are smaller where?

A

at the fovea
increasing in size in peripheral retina

this helps to explain why a strabismic may experience gross peripheral fusion even though the eye is deviated

40
Q

the increase in the spatial extent of panum’s area in the peripheral visual field serves three useful purposes:

A

1) increasing the SIZE of Panum’s area: matches the increasing coarseness of peripheral vision; receptive field size increases and the visual acuity decreases as a function of eccentricity
2) increasing the THICKNESS of Panum’s area prevents peripheral diplopia when fixating flat targets held at close range
3) increasing the EXTENT of Panum’s area peripherally makes cyclofusion possible despite cyclovergence errors of as much as 2 degrees between the two eyes

41
Q

panum’s area expands and contracts depending on

A

the size, sharpness, and speed of the stimuli

42
Q

parallax

A

apparent displacement of an observed object due to a change in the position of the observer

43
Q

in the real world, parallax is an important cue to

A

depth, and using parallax one can determine the relative distance of objects

44
Q

what can be used to produce a parallax-like effect in the therapy room (and what is this called?)

A

paradoxical parallax evaluates the patient’s ability to respond appropriately to visual info

can be produced using prisms and filters

45
Q

paralysis

A

the complete loss of muscle function of one or more muscle groups

often includes loss of feeling in the affected area

46
Q

paramacular

A

referring to the area immediately adjacent to and surrounding the macula

47
Q

paresis

A

a condition typified by partial loss of movement, or impaired movement

in the optometric sense it is usually used to describe the muscles of the eyes

48
Q

parietal lobe

A

involved in the visual process

deals with:

1) somatosensory info (kinesthesis and body awareness)
2) cognition & info processing
3) pain and touch sensation
4) spatial orientation
5) speech
6) visual perception
7) timing
8) movement

integrates sensory info from different modalities, particularly determining spatial sense and navigation

49
Q

currently believed that the majority of the Magnocellular fibers travel to the parietal lobe via

A

the dorsal stream

50
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

a part of the autonomic nervous system

returns the body function to normal after they have been altered by sympathetic stimulation

1) slowing of heart beat
2) lowering of blood pressure
3) constriction of the pupils
4) increased blood flow to the skin and viscera
5) resumption of peristalsis in the GI tract

51
Q

in times of danger… (what happens in the and)

A

the sympathetic system prepares the body for violent activity

52
Q

when the danger is over

A

the parasympathetic system reverses these changes induced by the sympathetic system

53
Q

P.D.

A

inter-pupillary distance, refers to the distance, expressed in millimeters, between the pupils of the patient’s eyes

54
Q

perimeter

A

an instrument used to evaluate the central and peripheral fields of vision

55
Q

periodicity

A

in strabismus, referring to the distances at which the deviation is manifest

56
Q

phoria

A

the natural “resting position” of the eyes when they are not viewing the same object at the same time

represents a “mismatch” between where objects really are and where the person judges them to be

57
Q

photophobia

A

excessive sensitivity to light, which may include aversion to sunlight and well-lit places

58
Q

plegia

A

paralysis in which all movement is lost

59
Q

pointzero

A

in strabismus, this is Jampolsky’s term to define the point on the retina of the deviating eye which receives the image of the object fixated by the fovea of the non-strabismic eye when no vergence demand is present

60
Q

polaroid filters

A

allow full transmission of light in one direction, gradually reducing the amount of transmission to “zero” at a point 90 degrees away

by using a pair of polaroid glasses with 2 filters oriented in opposite directions from each other and a special set of polaroid targets we can control the info that is available to each eye

targets using polaroid are usually designed to provide a stereoscopic 3-D effect by using 2 similar images which are slightly offset from each other

61
Q

post traumatic vision syndrome (PTVS)

A

following a TBI a patient may develop a constellation of symptoms that may include, but are not limited to:

blurry vision, diplopia, headaches, spatial disorientation, photophobia, visual hallucinations, poor attention and concentration, and poor visual memory

62
Q

conditions often associated with PTVS include

A

convergence insufficiency, accommodative dysfunction, exotropia or exophoria, low blink rate, and poor ocular motility

63
Q

primary visual direction (PVD)

A

the “straight ahead” oculo-centric location normally determined by the fovea of the non-deviated eye, and from which all other spatial determinations are made

a foveally fixated point is interpreted by the individual as being straight ahead, and the other objects in the visual field are experienced as being located above, below, to the side of, etc. the foveally fixated point

thus, each retinal element has its own subjective visual direction

64
Q

oculo-centric vs egocentric

A

could-centric is associated with the fovea (determined by non-deviated eye)

ego-centric- visual direction with respect to the head

65
Q

if fixation movements are made while the head remains still does oculo-centric or ego-centric direction change?

A

oculo-centric direction for each fovea does not change, but ego-centric direction does

66
Q

prism

A

a wedge shaped lens that changes the direction of light passing through it, but does not change focus

light entering a prism is deviated toward the base (the thickest portion) and the image of the object being viewed appears to move in the direction of the apex (the point)

67
Q

yoked prism

A

refers to application of prism when the bases of both prisms are oriented in the same direction

68
Q

prism can be used in a compensatory way

A

helping to achieve alignment of the eyes when it is not possible by other means

69
Q

in the therapy room prisms are also used therapeutically on both a monocular and binocular basis to

A

create a mismatch between the objects in the real world, and where the prisms (because of the way they displace light) cause the visual system to perceive them to be

as the patient resolves these mismatches he/she learns to use vision in a new, more efficient way

70
Q

on a binocular basis, prisms

A

change the demand for convergence in order to keep a target single, and reflexly change accommodation

71
Q

yoked prisms are used in vision therapy to

A

help disrupt the normal association between the vestibular and visual systems and create greater demands for re-orientation in space to compensate for the shift of gravity, postural changes, and sense of orientation imposed by the prisms

72
Q

when the bases of the prisms are facing the same direction over each eye

A

the space observed is displaced towards the direction of the apex

73
Q

when the space observed is displaced to the direction of the apex, this disruption of reality causes the patient to

A

readjust or shift his/her center of gravity to account for the change in position of the space

74
Q

in addition to the apparent shift in space, yoked prisms in BU or BD can

A

create the illusion of an increase or decrease of the volume of space

(a room will appear to be longer or shorter than it really is when seen through these yoked prisms)

75
Q

because the visual system is so dominant compared to other systems in the body,

A

the patient will often change gait, head or general body posture, or recalibrate perceived spatial relationships to appropriately match the demands of the “new” reality

76
Q

Yoked prisms can also play a vital role in therapy for an ABI patient

A

if a patient constantly perceives the world being shifted to the right, yoked prisms may help “realign” that space for that individual, thus re-establishing a sense of stability and orientation

77
Q

other applications of yoked prism include patients with

A

autism, attentional difficulties, cerebral palsy, etc

78
Q

special types of prism called (Peli prisms) can

A

also be incorporated into spectacle lenses and used as an alerting mechanism for patients with visual field defects

79
Q

proprioception

A

distinct sensory modality that provides feedback solely on the status of the body internally

sense that indicates whether the body is moving with required effort, as well as the relative position of parts of the body, and where they are located in relation to each other

80
Q

pupillary responses

A

observed responses of the pupils in response to certain stimuli (3 which affect both eyes, even if only one eye is stimulate)

direct, consensual, accommodative

81
Q

direct pupillary response

A

the pupil of the eye constricts (gets smaller) when a light is shone into that eye

82
Q

consensual pupillary response

A

the pupil of the fellow eye also constricts when a light is shone into an eye

83
Q

accommodative pupillary response

A

the pupils constrict in response to the stimulation of accommodation

84
Q

pursuit

A

the type of eye movement used when following a moving target, to keep the image of the object of regard on the fovea

believed to be mediated in the occipital lobe

relatively slow eye movements (compared to the relative speed of saccades) that involve smoothly tracking a moving target while maintaining an accurate fixation

85
Q

the primary stimulus to initiate a pursuit is the

A

speed of the object

86
Q

pursuits are often called a “ “ and allow the individual to

A

holding movement because it allows the patient to hold or maintain the desired target on the fovea

allow the individual to extract info from a dynamic and changing environment

87
Q

what ability must one possess before being an efficient pursuit can be achieved

A

before an efficient pursuit can be achieved one must possess the ability to

make and hold a fixation

88
Q

how do pursuits and saccades differ

A

patient has ability to alter the speed or duration of a pursuit during tis progression, whereas that is not possible in a saccade

89
Q

accurate maintenance of fixation on the moving object is accomplished by a combo of smooth pursuits. and saccades

A

when the object is moving faster than the pursuit system can keep pace, the faster saccades system is activated to reduce retinal slip and reposition the object of regard on the fovea

even though the image is moving, our sensory system adjusts so that we maintain the sense of straight-ahead and the visual perception of the world remains continuous and stable

Vision Therapy (8 decks)

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