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Family Therapy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Family Stressors

A

Vertical and horizontal stressors

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2
Q

Vertical Stressors

A

Historical and inherited from previous generations

Family patterns, myths, expectations, secrets, legacies

THE NARRATIVE

This is the hand we are dealt, sexism, poverty, racism

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3
Q

Horizontal Stressors

A

Event stressors

PRESENT

Developmental like life cycle transitions

Also unpredictable like an untimely dearth, accident, natural disaster, lottery

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4
Q

Family Life cycle stages (traditional)

A
  1. Married Couple
  2. Childbearing family
  3. Preschool children
  4. School children
  5. Teens
  6. Launching kids
  7. Middle aged parents
  8. Aging family members
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5
Q

Life cycle stage one, leaving home

A

-accept emotional and financial responsibility for ones self

Differentiate, develop peer friendships, reallign with FOO

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6
Q

Second Stage: Join families through marriage as a new couple

A

Commitment to new system

Marital system, negotiate intimacy, become we without losing I

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7
Q

Thirds FLC stage: fam with young kids

A

Accepting new members into system

Make space for kids, join in time rearing, new roles established, and not sacrificing couple

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8
Q

FLC fourth stage, fam with adolescents

A

Increasing flexibility of family boundaries to allow more independence and grandparent frailties

Shift in parent child relationships, look multiculturaly different, rule and boundaries being renegotiated

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9
Q

FLC fifth stage, launching of kids “empty nest”

A

Accepting multiple exits from and into system

Renegotiate marriage, develop adult to adult relationship with kids, death of parents, new family members

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10
Q

6ht stage FLC, families in later life

A

Accepting shift of generational roles

Maintain own and couple functioning as aging

Room for older generation and middle become more central

Retirement, widowhood, chronic illness

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11
Q

FLC stages for divorcing families

A

-decision to divorce

Planning breakup of system

Separation

Divorce

Accepting ones own part in the failure of the marriage and mourning loss of intact family.

Have to restricting marital and all relationships in fam

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12
Q

FLC stages remarried family

A

Enter new relationship

Conceptualize planning new fam and marriage

Openness to new fam and readiness to deal with complexities

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13
Q

FLC stages Single parent family

A

Some choosing this some not choosing

Added stress to “normal” cycle

Harder transitions

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14
Q

FLC stages, gay and lesbian family

A

Have to cope with larger stigma

Still marginalized

Pressure to remain secretive or closeted

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15
Q

Family life cycle

A

The series of longitudinal stages or events that mark a family’s life offering an organizing scheme for viewing the family as a system proceeding through time

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16
Q

Developmental tasks

A

Problems to be overcome and conflicts to be mastered at various stages of the life cycle

Enable movement to next stage

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17
Q

Circular causality

A

The view that causality is nonlinear, occurring instead within a relationship context and through a network of interacting loops

Any cause is seen as an effect of a prior cause, as in interactions within family

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18
Q

Constructivism

A

The belief that an individuals knowledge of reality result from his or her subjective perceiving and subsequent constructing or inventing of the world, rather than how to i world objectively exists (second order cybernetics)

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19
Q

Cybernetics

A

The study of methods of feedback control within a system, especially the flow of info through feedback loops.

Concerned with systemic processes:
Info regulation
Adaptation
Self organization
Self reproduction
Strategic behavior
Maintaining homeostasis
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20
Q

Double bind concept

A

Bateson, Lidz, Bowen

Contradictions in levels of messages, result in conflicting and contradictory messages. Believed at the time to cause schizophrenia

DOUBLE BIND: individual.child receives conflicting messages from the same person, result in in confusing messages/expressions of love/hate

No matter how the child responds, its “wrong”

Creates panic, rage, then withdrawal

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21
Q

Dyad

A

A liaison, temporary or permanent, between two persons

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22
Q

Ecosystem approach

A

A perspective that goes beyond intrafamilial relationships to attend to the family’s relationships with larger systems (school, court, healthcare, etc)

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23
Q

Ethnicity

A

Defining characteristics of a social group with shared cultural traditions that carry on over generations and is reinforced within the group

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24
Q

Feedback

A

Reinsertation into a system of the results of it’s past performance as a method of controlling the system.

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25
Q

First order cybernetics

A

Universal laws or codes were sought to explain what governs all systems.

Gregory bateson “ all changes can be understood as an effort to maintain some constancy” applied this scientific system to human communicatoon

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26
Q

Family system

A

A social and or biological construction made up of a set of people related by blood or intention

Defined as a whole made up of interacting parts

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27
Q

Wholeness

A

Elements of a system once combined produce an entity, a whole, that is greater than the sum of its parts

Movement of one part influences the whole

No element of a system can ever be understood in isolation since it never functions independently

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28
Q

Subsystems

A

Each system exists as a part of a larger SUPRASYSTEM which has smaller subsystems

People exist in numerous subsystems which are in interaction with one another

In families most enduring subsystems are the spousal, parental, and sibling subsystems

29
Q

Organization

A

Systems are organized around the relationships that exist within them

Family members interact with each other in a predictable organized fashion

Organization offers clues to family’s interactive patterns

30
Q

Family homeostasis

A

A family’s self regulating efforts to remain stable and resist change

BATESON AND JACKSON believed families resist change and returned to state before being threatened.

Clinicians today believe that homeostasis represents the tendency to seek a steady state when a system is perturbed

Healthy families are resilient and able to adapt/change when needed without forfeiting long term stability

31
Q

Feedback loops

A

Feedback happens in loops

Circular mechanisms whose purpose is to introduce info about a systems output back to its input

Allows system to alter, correct and overnight its ability to function and remain viable

32
Q

Negative (attenuating) feedback

A

Function is to MAINTAIN

Keep the status quo/ homeostasis

Wants to keep system on track and stable

Keeps functioning within limits and discourages change

33
Q

Positive (amplifying) feedback

A

Function is to MODIFY the system

Accommodates new info to make changes

Amplifies deviations to increase instability and facilitates meeting new goals

ENGAGES, GROWS, EXPANDS

34
Q

Impact of WW2 on family therapy

A

Reuniting of families created problems (change of role of women etc)

Macy Foundation conferenced during and after the war to understand how human systems worked

Traumatic shock and wartime neurosis (psychosomatic illness)

35
Q

When was family therapy founded

A

The 1950’s

36
Q

Studies of schizophrenia and the family

A

Emphasized the family environment to understand psychopathology

Schizophrenogenic mom (domineering cold, rejecting, shaming, possessive) which combined with a passive, detached, ineffectual father creates a MALE offspring who feels confused and inadequate who developed schizophrenia

This was ultimately DISPROVED as it was linear and overly simplified

BUT as a result more attention was given to dysfunctional interactions in family, family context, shared family experience, and family communications affect on individuals mental health

37
Q

Marital schism

A

Each parent is preoccupied with their own problems

Fail to make reciprocal role with spouse

Undermines worth of other parent

Parents compete for loyalty/support of kids.

Marriage threatened

38
Q

Marital skew

A

One parent is dependent and weak

Other parent psychologically disturbed and domineering

Children grow up thinking that is normal and their reality is distorted

39
Q

Marriage and premarital counseling

A

Precursor to family therapy

Psychological disturbances arise from conflicts BETWEEN persons (vs conflict WITHIN a person)

Clergy and physicians are providers historically

Sex counseling in the 60s

40
Q

Child guidance movement

A

Early 1900s

Assumed that if emotional problems start in childhood that’s identifying and treating early could prevent psychopathology

ADLER AND DREIKURS

Early intervention
Have parents involved and acknowledging impact of social system

Collab with professionals in treatment

41
Q

Group dynamics and therapy

A

Emerged more fully after WW11

Family therapy a subset of group therapy

Groups make interpersonal situations

Safe place to recreate interactions and resolve conflicts

42
Q

Nathan Ackerman

A

Father of family therapy

Child psychoanalyst in the child guidance movement

Wrong first paper dealing with treating whole paper

Suggesting the usefulness of viewing whole family as an entity

43
Q

How to evaluate theories

A

Comprehensive? Generalizable but not too simple

Parsimonious? Explanation with as few assumptions as necessary

Verifiable? Generate predictions that can be confirmed with data

Precise? Concepts defined

Empirically valid? Data confirms theory

Stimulating? Lead to other thoughts and ideas

44
Q

Little Hans case

A

Freud worked with his father

Was afraid of horses

Freud communicated with the father how to work with little Hans which was successful

Freud didnt see Hans or the family system

45
Q

Object relations theory

A

We relate to people in the present on the basis of expectations formed by early relationship experiences

Branch of psychoanalytic theory developed in Britain

Attention to individual drives/motives, development of the self, unconscious relationship seeking

46
Q

Impact of attachment between mother and child

A

Attachment to mother is FOUNDATIONAL to the development of self/self identity

Object relations, infants experiences in relationship and attachment with mom/caretaker as the mail determinant of adult personality being formed

This relationship impacts unconscious views of self and others

INTERNALIZED subjective representation of the “other” is created and is later projected onto others

47
Q

Splitting

A

Infant experiences different sets of encounters with the mother, sometimes nurturing and attentive and at other times dismissive and distracted

Internalizes image of mom as good object and bad object and forms SEPARATE relationships with each

Infant cant leave the relationship so has to reconcile the two distinct experiences with mom thru fantasy world

Good is idealized, bad is seen as rejecting

By 2 years old most kids integrate both, HOW WELL THIS IS DONE EQUALS THE HEALTH OF FUTURE RELATIONSHIPS.

SPLITTING IN ADULTHOOD LEADS TO VIEWING PEOPLE AS ALL GOOD OR ALL BAD. Makes instability in relationships

48
Q

Projective identification

A

Melanie Klein, object relations theory

Defending unconsciously against anxiety by projecting or externalities unwanted parts of self (split off parts) INTO others

What wwe don’t like in ourselves we get annoyed with with others

49
Q

Impact of Psychoanalytic theory on family systems theory

A

Many pioneers were psychoanalytically trained such as Ackerman, Bowen, lids, Jackson, minuchen, Wynn boszorenyi-Nagy ‘

Freud: awareness of the impact of family relationships on individuals personality development (unconscious conflict, resistance, transference)

Adler: theory based on social relationships. FAMILY IS BASIC SOCIAL SYSTEM

Sullivan: ROLE OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP

50
Q

Ackerman’s interlocking pathology

A

Interdependence and reciprocal effect of disturbed behavior among various members of a family (eg: an individual “getting better” may result in an eventual divorce)

An individuals personally should be assessed no in isolation but within the social and emotion context of the whole family

51
Q

Contextual family therapy

A

Boszormenyi-Nagy

  • a theory that integrate and balance individuality and togetherness

Environment and people give the action context to interpret concepts of self

Relationships ar based on and influenced by 4 dimensions of reality: facts, individual psychology, systemic interactions, relational ethics

52
Q

Contextual family therapy (CFT) relational ethics

A

Sets CFT apart

Deals with balance of what people GIVE in relationships as opposed to what they are ENTITLED to from others

Clients Myst assume responsibility for their actions

Wants to build relational resource of trustworthiness

Subject: constructed among relational members

LONG TERM OSCILLATING BALANCE OF FAIRNESS AMONG MEMBERS WITHIN A FAMILY

BOTH INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (INSIDE A PERSON) AND SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS (WITHIN THE FAMILY)

53
Q

CFT: trust

A

Fundamental property of relationships

Can be depleted or restored depending on the capacity of family members to act upon a sense of loyalty and indebtedness

54
Q

CFT invisible loyalty

A

Children unconsciously take on responsibilities to aid their parents, often to their own detriments

55
Q

CFT family ledger

A

Family “obligations” and “debts” incurred over time are kept here

Who still owes what to whom

56
Q

CFT fairness

A

The therapeutic goal is to establish fairness by improving and rebalancing the give and take between family members

57
Q

Bowen Differentiation of self

A

When family members are able to find a balance between the two life forces of togetherness and individuality

58
Q

Bowens two life forces

A

Togetherness and individuality

59
Q

Bowen Differentiation scale

A

0 is fusion, 100 is differentiation

Below 50 (low differentiation): tries to please others, supports others seeks support. Can’t been autonomous, little ability to independently solve problems

51-75 (midrange): has definite beliefs and values, tends to be over concerted with the opinions of others, may decide emotionally or based or disapproval of others

76-100 (high differentiation) clear values and beliefs, flexible secure, autonomous, well defined sense of self

60
Q

Degree of differentiation

A

Reflects degree of emotional independence from family

61
Q

Fusion

A

We statements

Ask what they think
Cannot separate themselves from others

React emotionally to the dictates of other family members

62
Q

Differentiated

A

Able to take a stand on issues because they theink through, decide then act

Can be intimate without being reactively shaped by others

I statements

63
Q

Triangulation

A

A common way for two person systems under stress to try to become stable, go to a third for an ally

64
Q

Emotional cut off

A

A personas attempt at separating themselves from an emotionally fused family in order to insulate from chaos

Attempt to minimize importance of relationships to avoid pain of unresolved issues in relationships

Creates isolation

DOESNT END EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS

These people tend to have Brief superficial relationships with others as a result

65
Q

Genogram

A

A Vistula representation of a persons family tree

Help clients visualize their family structure, multigenerational patterns, and interpersonal family projection process

66
Q

Suprasystem

A

Each system exists as part of the larger suprasystem

67
Q

Holding environment

A

DW Winnecott

The safe and nurturing environment provided by the mother to her infant that supports good enough psychological development

68
Q

Symbiosis

A

Mother and child

Intense enmeshment

69
Q

Influence of Bowlby

A

Considered attachment and loss to be central to functioning

Family Therapy (2 decks)

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