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BIOX108 > assorted questions > Flashcards

assorted questions Flashcards

1
Q
  1. what is Endocytosis and Exocytosis?
A

Entry of large particles or molecules into or out of cells is accomplished by endocytosis (in) or exocytosis (out, e.g., phagocytosis).

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2
Q
  1. organised in ascending order
A

atoms -> moleules -> organelles–> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organism

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3
Q

3, what are the four major types of tissue in the human body?

A

epithelial tissues
connective tissues
muscular tissues
nervous tissues

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4
Q
  1. the four types of major tissue types in the body are
    a. epithelial tissues
    b. connective tissues
    c. muscular tissues
    d. nervous tissues

give 1 or 2 of their functions, respectively

A

a. epithelial tissues - have surfaces exposed to internal fluids of the environmnet. they cover body surfaces and line body tissues
b. connective tissues - bind other tissues together and have roles in protecting, stregthening and supporting these tissues
c. muscular tissues - help move body parts by contraction and relaxation of the muscles
d. nervous tissues - relay information about conditions iin and outside of the body

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5
Q

what does the Cardiovascular/Circulatory system do?

A

Cardiovascular/Circulatory system: transports nutrients, gases and other compounds to cells, Removes wastes away from cells, Helps to stabilise temperature and pH of the body.

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6
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

Nervous system: Detects external and internal stimuli, controls and coordinates responses to stimuli, Integrates and regulates activities of organ systems, Memory and learning

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7
Q

what does the muscular system do?

A

Muscular system: Maintains posture, moves the body and internal parts, generates metabolic heat

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8
Q

what does the digestive system do?

A

Organ systems
Digestive system: Ingests food and water, breaks down food both mechanically and chemically, absorbs the products of digestion, eliminates indigestible food residues

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9
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A

Lymphatic system: Stores white blood cells (important in fighting infection), Collects excessive tissue fluids, returning these to the bloodstream, Absorbs fats from the digestive system

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10
Q

what does the respiratory system do?

A

Respiratory system: Absorbs oxygen and delivers it to the circulatory system, Removes carbon dioxide from the circulatory system, Helps maintain the pH of the body

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11
Q

what does the excretory/urinary system do?

A

Excretory or Urinary system: Maintains the composition and volume of blood, excretes excess fluids, Removes wastes from blood and excretes these

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12
Q

what does the endochrine system do?

A

Endocrine system: Controls body functions using hormones, integrates with nervous system to control activity

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13
Q

what does the reproductive system do?

A

Reproductive system: In females, produces eggs and forms protective environment for development of new individual. In males, produces sperm and transfers sperm to the female

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14
Q

a) give two examples of anaerobic organisms?

b) what do anaerobic organisms do?

A

a) fungi and protozoa are anaerobic.
b) may be killed by exposure to oxygen. They break glucose down to alcohols and organic acids in a process known as fermentation.

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15
Q

a) where does the krebs cycle occur?

b) where does The electron transport chain take place?

A

a) mitochondria matrix

b) christae (the electron transport chain pumps hydrogen into the inter membrane space)

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16
Q

what is the nucleotide telomere sequence?

A

TTAGGG

17
Q

what is the start of the protein coding sequence?

A

AUG

18
Q

how many amino acids can proteins code for?

A

20

19
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A 
dna is a double helix
rna a single helix
dna has the sugar, deoxyribose
rna has the sugar, ribose
bases of dna are AT, GC (thymine)
bases of rna are AU, GC (urasil)
dna base pairing is long (140x 10^6)
rna base pairing is shorter (200-10000 base pairs)
20
Q

what are the four main elements in the human body?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

21
Q

pH
0 - 6 is ? (more ? ions )
7 is ?
8 - 14 ? (more ? ions)

A

acidic - more hydrogen (H+) ions added
neutral
basic - more hydroxyl (OH - ) ions added

22
Q

glucose + ? –> maltose

glucose + fructose –> ?

A

glucose

sucrose

23
Q

These are the monomers:

a) monosaccharide
b) amino acid
c) nucleotide
d) fatty acid

list the corresponding polymers

A

a) polysaccharide
b) protein
c) nucleic acid
d) fat

24
Q

a) what are the stop codons?
b) what is the start codon?
c) The code is degenerate - what does this mean?

A

a) UAA
UAG
UGA

b) AUG (protein codons start in august),
c) This means that one amino acid can be coded for by several codons,

25
Q

although both of these cells are eukaryotic cells, what is the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell?

A

plant cells have chloroplasts, a cell wall and larger vacuoles compared than animal cells do

26
Q

what is the defining feature of a eukaryotic cell?

A

nucleus

27
Q

name 2 features of a prokaryotic cell

A 
cell wall (but not made of cellulose)
non-membrane bound nucleus
28
Q

what do these do?
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA

A

a) ribosomal RNA is the structure that forms the ribosome upon which protein synthesis takes place
b) mRNA gets the protein code out of the nucleus
c) tRNA transfers the right codon (anti-codon) into amino acids

29
Q

what are the 4 stages of mitosis? (in the correct order)

A

PMAT!

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

30
Q

when does independent assortment take place?

A

Meiosis 1

31
Q

silent mutation
nonsense mutation
missense mutation

A

does nothing
terminates the code
can change amino acid

32
Q

what is a telomere code?

A

(TTAGGG)n,

33
Q

what is DNA to RNA called?

A

transcription

34
Q

what does ribosomal RNA (rRNA) do?

what does messenger RNA (mRNA) do?

what does transfer RNA (tRNA) do?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA): is a structural RNA that forms the ribosome, upon which proteins are synthesised.

messenger RNA (mRNA): is an RNA copy of a gene that codes for a protein product, it gets the protein code out of the nucleus.

transfer RNA (tRNA): transfers the right codon (the anti-codon) into amino acids

35
Q

what are the three main arteries blood flows through in the circulatory system?

A 
vena cava (pumps deoxygenated blood into right atrium)
pulmonary artery (pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs)
pulmonary vein (pumps oxygenated bloody into left atrium)
aorta ("why i orta pump the rest of the blood to your body!")
36
Q

what does the skeletal system do?

A

Skeletal system: Supports and protects body parts, acts as attachment points for muscles, stores calcium and phosphorus, site of red blood cell production

BIOX108 (11 decks)

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