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Psychology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the definitions of abnormality?

A
  • deviation from social norms
  • failure to function adequately by Rosenham and Seligman
  • statistical infrequency
  • deviation from ideal mental help by Marie Jahoda
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2
Q

What does deviation from social norms means?

A

Behaviour that doesn’t follow social patterns or social rules and is seen as abnormal behaviour, which is unacceptable.

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3
Q

Advantages of deviation from social norms. (3)

  • protects
  • individuality
  • disorders
A
  • it distinguishes desirable and non desirable behaviour which protects members of the public from possible dangers
  • it creates a sense of individuality for the person
  • it can help identify people with mental disorders
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4
Q

Disadvantages of deviation from social norms. (2)

  • judgements
  • context
A
  • must be cautious when making judgements about whether someone is mentally disturbed or not
  • contact must be taken into account as in some societies a deviation may be unacceptable but in another society it may not be a deviation at all
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5
Q

What is the Failure to Function Adequately Model?

A

This model suggests that abnormality is based on the fact that a person can not cope with everyday life and is not functioning adequately. It uses the GAF Scale to assess the rate of psychological, social and occupational functioning.

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6
Q

What are the criteria for the Failure to Function Adequately model? (7)

A
  • Suffering
  • Unpredictability and Loss of Control
  • Maladaptiveness
  • Observer Discomfort
  • Vividness and Unconventionality
  • Irrationality and Incomprehensibility
  • Violation of Moral Standards
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7
Q

Advantages of the Failure to Function Adequately model? (2)

  • GAF
  • problems
A
  • it uses the GAF scale which is makes it accurate

- it can identify a person with psychological problems

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8
Q

Disadvantages of the Failure to Function Adequately model. (3)

  • dysfunction
  • cultures
  • subjective
A
  • abnormality doesn’t mean a person is dysfunctional; some people have a psychological abnormality but lead a normal life.
  • there a different norms in different cultures
  • it is difficult to measure and analyse as it is subjective and therefore not scientific
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9
Q

Who constructed the Failure to Function Adequately model?

A

Roseham and Seligman

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10
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

A

When a person possesses less common characteristics that are statistically rare.

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11
Q

Advantages of statistical infrequency. (2)

  • objective
  • behaviour
A
  • data is objective, scientific and unbiased
  • sometimes just because behaviour is statistically infrequent it doesn’t mean they are abnormal or require treatment (e.g high IQ)
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12
Q

Disadvantages of statistical infrequency. (2)

  • labelling
  • divide
A
  • it involves labelling someone as abnormal has a negative effect on their self confidence and self esteem
  • there is a subjective cut off point between abnormality and normality; the divide between them is subjective
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13
Q

What is the Deviation from Ideal Mental Health model?

A

This suggests that if a person is deviating form idea mental health and they are failing to reach self actualisation then this is an indicator for abnormality.

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14
Q

Who constructed the Deviation from Ideal Mental Health model?

A

Marie Jahoda

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15
Q

What are the criteria for the Deviation from Ideal Mental Health model? (6)

A
  • Autonomy
  • Perception of Reality
  • Personal Growth
  • Integration
  • Environmental Mastery
  • Self Attitudes
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16
Q

Advantages of the Deviation from Ideal Mental Health model. (2)

  • positive
  • dysfunction
A
  • it is positive and productive and helps a persona reach self actualisation and become a psychologically healthy
  • highlights target areas for dysfunction to work on and helps to treat different disorders
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17
Q

Disadvantages of the Deviation from Ideal Mental Health model. (2)

  • abstract
  • impossible
A
  • it is based on abstract concepts and ideals and is difficult to define and measure so it is not objective or scientific
  • it’s impossible to achieve all 6 criteria at once
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18
Q

What are behavioural characteristics of phobias? (4)

A
  • Avoidance
  • Freeze/Faint
  • Disruption of Functioning
  • Panic
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19
Q

What are emotional characteristics of phobias? (3)

A
  • Fear
  • Panic and Anxiety
  • Emotions
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20
Q

What are cognitive characteristics of phobias? (4)

A
  • Irrational
  • Insight
  • Cognitive Distortions
  • Selective Attention
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21
Q

What is the behavioural approach to explaining phobias?

A

The two process model; phobias are learnt through classical conditioning or the social learning theory and maintained through operant conditioning.

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22
Q

Who conducted the Little Albert experiment and when?

A

Watson and Rayner in 1920

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23
Q

Advantages of the Little Albert experiment. (1)

- waterfall

A
  • a woman who had a phobia of running water after getting her foot stuck in some rocks near a waterfall recovered but was still afraid of the sound of running water; an association was built.
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24
Q

Disadvantages of the Little Albert experiment. (2)

  • repeated
  • experiences
A
  • this experiment was only done once and has not been repeated. It cannot be repeated today for ethical reasons.
  • some people have traumatic experiences but don’t get a phobia
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25
Q

What negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

Avoiding the objects to reduce risks

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26
Q

What is positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

Avoiding the object and not feeling fear is a reward

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27
Q

Advantages of the two process model. (1)

- clear

A
  • it has been praised for having two clear steps that are accurate.
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28
Q

Disadvantages of the two process model. (2)

  • ignores
  • limited
A
  • it ignores biological and evolutionary factors and ignores genetic vulnerability
  • it doesn’t explain phobias in adults so it is limited
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29
Q

What is the behavioural approach to treating phobias?

A

Systematic Desensitisation and Flooding

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30
Q

What is the process of systematic desensitisation?

A

1) Hierarchy of Needs
2) Relaxation Techniques
3) Exposure

31
Q

Advantages of systematic desensitisation. (2)

  • Peter
  • ethics
A
  • an experiment was conducted on Little Peter where a white rabbit was presented at gradually closer distances; anxiety lessened and he became affectionate towards the rabbit
  • it’s less traumatic so no ethical problems
32
Q

Disadvantages of systematic desensitisation. (1)

- difficult

A
  • it is not always practical and is difficult to arrange/control/apply to real life
33
Q

What is flooding?

A

Directly and immediately exposing the patient to a very frightening and extreme situation involving the phobic object.

34
Q

What is mustabatory thinking?

A

Beliefs that are bound to cause disappointment and are too idealistic.

35
Q

Advantages of flooding. (2)

  • car
  • effective
A
  • a girl had a phobia of being in a car so she was forced into a car and driven around for four hours. Her hysteria exhausted her and her phobia was gone.
  • it is effective and rapid and there are immediate improvements; they are encouraged to continue self directed exposure.
36
Q

Disadvantages of flooding. (1)

- traumatic

A
  • it is a highly traumatic experience and patients may be unwilling to continue which is a waste of money and time as the patient is not cured.
37
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression? (6)

A
  • Shift in Energy Levels
  • Social Impairment
  • Weight Changes
  • Poor Personal Hygiene
  • Sleep Pattern Disturbance
  • Aggression and Self Harm
38
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of depression? (4)

A
  • Loss of Enthusiasm
  • Constant Depressed Mood
  • Worthlessness
  • Anger
39
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression? (6)

A
  • Delusions
  • Reduced Concentration
  • Thoughts of Death
  • Poor Memory
  • Negative Thinking
  • Absolutist Thinking
40
Q

What is the cognitive approach to explaining depression?

A

The Cognitive Triad by Beck and Ellis’ ABC Model.

41
Q

Who constructed the Cognitive Triad model?

A

Beck

42
Q

Who constructed the ABC Model?

A

Ellis

43
Q

Advantages of the Cognitive Triad. (1)

- pregnant

A
  • 65 pregnant women were assessed for post natal depression and those who had high cognitive vulnerability were more likely to suffer post natal depression.
44
Q

Disadvantages of the Cognitive Triad. (2)

  • cause
  • behavioural
A
  • cause and effect is not clear

- it ignores the behavioural approach

45
Q

What are the three stages of the Cognitive Triad?

A

1) Negative thoughts about self
2) Negative thoughts about the world
3) Negative thoughts about the future

46
Q

What does the ABC stand for in Ellis’ ABC Model?

A

Activating Event, Beliefs and Consequences.

47
Q

Advantages of Ellis’ ABC Model. (1)

- statements

A
  • depressed patients were given negative thought statements and they became even more depressed
48
Q

Disadvantages of Ellis’ ABC Model. (2)

  • blame
  • biological
A
  • it blames the client

- ignores the biological approach

49
Q

What are the therapies used to treat depression?

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy by Beck and Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy by Ellis.

50
Q

What is CBT?

A

Session used to turn challenge irrational thoughts and feelings

51
Q

Advantages of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. (2)

  • drug
  • long
A
  • it is widely respected and supported and especially good with drug therapy
  • it is a long term cure and has lasting positive outcomes. The person is less likely to relapse which is cost effective for the NHS
52
Q

Disadvantages of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. (1)

- drug

A
  • anti-depressant drugs are better as they require less effort and are cost effective
53
Q

What is Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT)?

A

Sessions used to make a client think in a more positive and rational way.

54
Q

Advantages of Rational Emotive Therapy. (1)

- stroke

A
  • found that it is effective in treating depressive stroke victims so is suitable for specific groups
55
Q

Disadvantages of Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy. (2)

  • cause
  • talk
A
  • not clear whether depression is a cause or a symptom and if it is a symptom then REBT doesn’t tackle the root cause and the depression may return
  • the patient needs to be articulate and needs to be able to talk; they may not feel comfortable doing so, so it depends on the skills and expertise of the therapist
56
Q

What are behavioural characteristics of OCD? (5)

A
  • Compulsive Behaviours
  • Hinder Everyday Functioning
  • Social Impairment
  • Repetitive
  • Avoidance
57
Q

What are emotional characteristics of OCD? (3)

A
  • Anxiety and Distress
  • Accompanying Depression
  • Guilt and Disgust
58
Q

What are cognitive characteristics of OCD? (5)

A
  • Obsessions
  • Recognised as self generated
  • Realisation of Inappropriateness
  • Attention Bias
  • Uncontrollable Urges
59
Q

What is the biological approach to explaining OCD?

A

Genetics; The COMT gene and the CERT gene; and the neural explanations; neurotransmitters/biochemistry

60
Q

What is the COMT gene?

A

Regulates production of dopamine and these are found to be more common in OCD patients. High levels of dopamine cause OCD.

61
Q

What is the SERT gene?

A

Affects the transportation of serotonin and low levels of serotonin cause OCD. The mutation of thus gene causes OCD.

62
Q

Advantages of the genetics idea behind biologically explaining OCD. (1)
- twins

A
  • from a meta-analysis of 14 twin studies of OCD found that MZ are twice more likely than DZ to be concordant for OCD
63
Q

Disadvantages of genetics as a biological explanation of explaining OCD. (2)

  • 100%
  • diathesis
A
  • concordance rates are not 100% so they are not entirely genetic as they ignore the psychological and environmental factors
  • it could just be a combination of genes and the environment so interactionists would disagree as this doesn’t follow the diathesis stress model.
64
Q

Which area of the brain is linked to dopamine and serotonin activity?

A

The frontal lobes

65
Q

Advantages of the neural explanation as a biological explanation for OCD. (1)
- dopamine

A
  • giving OCD sufferers a drug lowered dopamine levels and alleviated some symptoms
66
Q

Disadvantages of the neural explanation biologically explaining OCD. (2)

  • cause
  • co-morbidity
A
  • neurotransmitters might not cause OCD it may be an effect
  • OCD is co morbid with depression and it could be an effect of depression and high levels of dopamine causes other psychological illnesses like schizophrenia too
67
Q

What are the therapies used to treat OCD?

A

SSRI drugs and Tricyclics drugs

68
Q

What do SSRI drugs do?

A

They increase serotonin levels in the brain by blocking nerve cells so more serotonin is available to reabsorb. It is a good influence on mood, emotion and sleep and decreases aggression, anger and irritability.

69
Q

Advantages of SSRI drugs. (1)

- cheap

A
  • it is relatively cheap and cost effective
70
Q

Disadvantages of SSRI drugs. (2)

  • alternative
  • side
A
  • it doesn’t work for some poeple so they may have to take another drug
  • there are terrible side effects which may make the patient stop taking the drug temporarily; like indigestion, blurred vision and loss of sex drive. This leads to an increase in relapse rates.
71
Q

What are tricyclic drugs?

A

It inhibits the reuptake of serotonin but also affects other neurotransmitters too. It is an alternative to SSRI’s and calm a person down.

72
Q

Advantages of tricyclics drugs. (1)

- administered

A
  • they do not need to be administered so it’s not time consuming and does not interfere with daily life
73
Q

Disadvantages of tricyclics drugs. (2)

  • time
  • tolerance
A
  • it takes a long time to effectively work and sometimes the side effects come first. Patients could stop taking them and relapse rates would increase.
  • the patient could develop a tolerance which means a higher dosage would need to be given. This higher dosage could mean that the person could develop an addiction to the drug and overdose

Psychology (11 decks)

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