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SWSP1011 > Review Questions > Flashcards

Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

list 3 groups who receive lower, on average, employment incomes (explain why)

A
  1. underemployed part-time workers: due to difficulties finding work such as too many applicants for available jobs, no vacancies in line of work and insufficient work experience (60% were female in 2017)
  2. women: in 2018 women in full-time paid work earned on average 15.3% less than men (1mil less over lifetime) - due to a highly gender segregated workforce, howard government’s work choice laws caused the pay gap to widen as thousands of women lost penalty rates/ other important job conditions & minimum wages were cut in real terms
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2
Q

list 5 groups who receive lower, on average, employment incomes (explain why)

A
  1. underemployed part-time workers
  2. women
  3. Indigenous
  4. Migrants
  5. disabled
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3
Q

explain 2 major changes in the nature and makeup of the workforce over the last 30 years

A
  • participation rate of women in australia has increased from 43.5% to 61%
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4
Q

explain 2 major changes in the nature and makeup of the workforce over the last 30 years

A
  1. participation rate of women in australia has increased from 43.5% to 61%/ women now more likely than men to have tertiary qualification
  2. greater labour market deregulation
    - means reducing restrictions on businesses and their employment decisions
    - greater efficiency and responsiveness to market conditions (wages go up and down, freedom to hire and fire)
    - outcomes: reduces wages in non-powerful positions (low skilled; low demand; low collectivity)
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5
Q

explain why underemployed part-time workers are disadvantaged in the workforce

A
  • 60% are female which is a disadvantaged group
  • there are too many applicants for available jobs (competition)
  • no vacancies in line of work
  • insufficient work experience
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6
Q

explain why women are disadvantaged in the workforce

A
  • full-time women earn 15.3% less than men
  • howard gov. work choices law saw pay gap widen as thousands of women lost penalty rates/ other important job conditions/ minimum wages were cut
  • gender wage pay gap in aus is above OECD average
  • may be due to history deeming women as unskilled underclass in labour market
  • women occupy more part-time positions (69%) which helps to explain inferior labour market position (linked to caring responsibilities)
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7
Q

explain why indigenous people are disadvantaged in the workforce

A
  • unemployment rates 3 times the national average
  • lack of education, skills
  • limits of location
  • discrimination
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8
Q

explain why migrants are disadvantaged in the workforce?

A
  • sweat shops thriving (immigrant women exploited)
  • basic rights violated (no/ minimal entitlements like holidays/sick leave)
  • work long hours to meet unrealistic deadlines
  • illegal migrant workers
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9
Q

what is meant by the term regressive in relation to taxation systems?

A
  • more resources available for those in higher income quintile
  • people in lowest tax band get the least
  • those whose income is so low that its not liable for tax get no benefit at all
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10
Q

list 3 tax benefits which high income earners most benefit from

A
  • tax rebates (amounts that reduce tax like family tax benefit, child care offset)
  • negative gearing
  • superannuation
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11
Q

define mixed economy of welfare

A
  • Provision of social welfare services come from different sectors
    1. government (public/state) sector [federal, state, local]
    2. for profit sector ‘private’/ market
    3. non-gov organisations/ not for profit/ voluntary sector
    4. personal/ private/ household/ family/ individual volunteer
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12
Q

how is housing an example of mixed economy of welfare

A

gov: public housing
market: private rental
not for profit: community housing
self: purchase

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13
Q

what is the difference between formal and informal welfare services

A

formal: formal carer from a service
informal: spouse/child

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14
Q

what is social housing?

A
  • non-privately owned/managed rental housing
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15
Q

how have australian homelessness programs changed over the past decade?

A
  • specialist homelessness services (joint commonwealth-state program)
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16
Q

main forms of social housing?

A
  • public rental housing

- longer term community housing

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17
Q

what is social insurance

A

people pay amount into publicly run social insurance fund

-also augmented by employer contributions

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18
Q

why are social insurance schemes considered universal

A

not means-tested

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19
Q

are social insurance schemes self funded?

A

they are meant to be but in practice they rarely are and the state has to contribute

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20
Q

what kind of welfare is the Community Development Employment Program (CDEP)

A

community based welfare

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21
Q

who does the CDEP service/ what does it achieve?

A

initiative by aus gov for employment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

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22
Q

what does it mean when a payment/service is described as universal?

A
  • not means-tested on income
  • everyone is entitled
  • assistance isn’t considered as income
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23
Q

what is welfare quarantining

A
  • quarantine 50-100% of welfare payments in indigenous communities so money only spent on essentials (food, clothing, rent)
24
Q

list two health co-payments

A
  1. 2014 budget: 7$ co-payment for GP visits
  2. 5$ pharmaceutical co payment
    (didn’t go through with this due to backlash)
25
Q

what is the Pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)/ how does it improve wellbeing

A
  • intro 1948 citizens right to affordable medicines

- subsidises cost of prescribed medicines

26
Q

which tier of gov. is primarily responsible for co-funding GP services

A

commonweath

27
Q

how do co-payments increase health inequalities

A
  • discourage necessary use

- shift burden from affluent to sick and poor

28
Q

who provides the greatest level of funding to public hospitals?

A

states and territories

29
Q

what is a reason FOR the provision of PHI rebates

A
  • increased income for providers and medical professionals
30
Q

what is a reason AGAINST the provision of PHI rebates

A
  • lower socioeconomic groups meeting costs of more affluent people who use PH
31
Q

which tier of government is primarily responsible for funding of public schools

A
  • largely state funded &run

- some federal

32
Q

which tier of government is primarily responsible for funding of private schools

A
  • primarily federal
  • fees (high fee independent)
  • some state
    gov funding constitutes 75% average costs
33
Q

which tier of government is primarily responsible for management/delivery of public schools

A

states

34
Q

which tier of government is primarily responsible for funding of public schools

A
  • largely state funded &run

- some federal (commonwealth)

35
Q

what does a two-tiered australian health system mean?

A
  • government-provided healthcare system provides basic care,
  • secondary tier for those who can pay for additional, better quality or faster access
36
Q

does a two-tiered health system increase/decrease or not affect equity in health access

A
  • inequitable
  • “class based” access
  • waiting times for public hospitals vs. private
37
Q

why do government schools have higher enrollments of disadvantaged students?

A
  • residual: for people who can’t afford to send their kids to private schools
38
Q

what does a two-tiered education system mean

A
  • choice of equal schooling or choice to get ahead? (elitism)
  • should difference in funding support people to get advantages?
39
Q

does a two-tiered education system decrease/increase or not affect equity in school education access

A
  • will elite always be advantaged?

- boost inequality

40
Q

why do government schools have higher enrollments of disadvantaged students?

A
  • residual: for people who can’t afford to send their kids to private schools
  • socioeconomic status
41
Q

why do government schools have higher enrollments of disadvantaged students?

A
  • residual: for people who can’t afford to send their kids to private schools
  • socioeconomic status
  • disproportionate share of disadvantaged families (children socially/academically disadvantaged)
42
Q

what is the process of deinstitutionalization?

A

the release of institutionalized individuals from institutional care (as in a psychiatric hospital) to care in the community

43
Q

what are the two objectives of deinstitutionalization?

A
  • humanization

- cost cutting

44
Q

what does NDIS mean?

A
  • national disability insurance scheme
  • social policy reform (universal)
  • bi partisan support (all political support)
45
Q

what does NDIS Address

A
  • greater right to care for disabilities
  • reduces inequalities
  • parallel system for accidents (inequity of injury payouts)
46
Q

what is mixed economy of care?

A
  • federal gov
  • state gov
  • private (compensation/insurance for accidents)
  • personal networks (family/self)
47
Q

what might be some of the tensions of providing social welfare using faith based organisations within a secular society?

A
  • some churches don’t give to those outside parish/religions/sexuality
  • fails to recognize state/public welfare/wellbeing given to rest of society and wealthy
48
Q

explain 2 limitations of providing social welfare based on voluntary charity

A
  • some churches don’t give to those outside parish/religions/sexuality
  • fails to recognize state/public welfare/wellbeing given to rest of society and wealthy
49
Q

what is social democracy characterized by?

A
  • political institutions should control market for citizen benefits (via democracy)
  • protect and promote welfare of citizens
  • gov intervenes to secure full employment, economic growth, redistributive social welfare
50
Q

describe social citizenship as a normative approach to welfare

A
  • formal legal status conferred by a nation-state
  • equality
  • linked to rights
  • heart of social democratic welfare (citizen entitlement to welfare/rights)
51
Q

list three types of citizenship conceptualized by T.H Marshall

A
  • civil rights
  • political rights
  • social rights
52
Q

according to t.h marshall, what is civil rights

A

rights necessary for individual freedom (liberty, free speech/thought, rights to own property, right to justice before law)

53
Q

according to t.h marshall, what is political rights

A

right to participate in the exercise of political power (vote, protest)

54
Q

according to t.h marshall, what is social rights

A
  • whole range
  • economic welfare and security
  • share social heritage and live life of civilized being to prevailing societal standards
55
Q

provide an example of how respect may be applied to operation of a form of social welfare

A
  • universalism
  • respecting diversities of identities, practices and beliefs
  • recognize equal moral worth of all persons

SWSP1011 (15 decks)

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