Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(SALMA) Physiology > Renal (SUGER) > Flashcards

Renal (SUGER) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the kidney derived from

A

mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is the kidney located

A

between t12 & l3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why is the right kidney lower than left

A

pushed down by liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does a renal corpuscle consists of

A

glomerulus
bowman’s capsule
PCT
DCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

does the medulla have renal corpuscles

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

are there glomeruli in the medulla

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the renal pelvis

A

space that urine drains into

  • continuous w collecting ducts proximally n ureteres distally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where do the tips of the medullary pyramids project into

A

renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where does the renal artery come off the abdominal aorta

A

L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the path from the abdominal aorta to afferent arterioles?

A

abdominal aorta –> renal artery –> segmental arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interloper arteries –> interlobular arteries –> afferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does a lobe consist of

A

a medullary pyramid and the overlying cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the diff btwn cortex and medulla

A

cortex: PCT/DCT & renal corpuscles
medulla: loop of Henle & collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the function of the renal corpuscle

A

filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the role of the PCT

A

for reabsorbing solutes (bulk reabsorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the role of the loop of henle

A

for concentrating urine (urinary dilution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the role of the DCT

A

for rebabsorbing water and solutes (selective reabsorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the role of the collecting duct

A

for reabsorbing water and controlling acid, base and ion balance (like DCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the granular cells

A

endothelium of afferent arteriole is expanded to form a mass of granular cells; detect BP and secrete renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are macula densa cells

A

expansion of cells at juxtaglomerular apparatus: detects SODIUM levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of

A

afferent arteriole

DCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do the cells of the PCT have lots of and why

A

mitochondria; actively transport ions from glomerular filtrate (inc 2/3 of Na/K)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the loop of henle supplied by

A

rich vasa recta (straight capillaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does the loop of henle travel

A

each loop dips down into medulla then returns to form the DCT and returns to same nephron it left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why is the loop of hell prone to ischaemia (temp loss of blood supply)

A

bc vasa recta are quite far from glomerulus so before blood has reached, it has already lost some oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

is the descending limb of the loop of henle permeable to water

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

is the ascending limb of the loop of henle permeable to water

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the ascending loop of henle permeable to

A

salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the DCT involved in

A

regulating acid base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how does DCT acidify urine

A

by secreting H+ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the 2 cell types of the collecting duct

A
  • principal cells

- intercalated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what do principal cells do

A 
responds to aldosterone (exchanging Na+ for K+)
n ADH (increases water reabsorption by insertion of aqua porin 2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what can a mutation in aquaporin 2 gene cause

A

diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are intercalated cells responsible for

A

exchanging acid for base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do alpha and beta intercalated sells secrete

A

alpha - acid

beta - bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what kind of epithelium is the renal pelvis

A

urothelium (transitional epithelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what drains into the renal pelvis

A

collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does the surface layer of urothelium consist of

A

umbrella cells that have tight junctions to prevent urine from getting btwn cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the inner and outer layer of muscle in the ureters (n how is this diff to GI)

A

inner: longitudinal
outer: circular

opposite in GI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how is urine propelled along ureter

A

peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the kidneys

A
  1. endocrine function (hormone secretion)
  2. maintain balance of salt, water & pH
  3. excretion of waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what % of blood supply does each kidney receive

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the total renal blood flow

A

1L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is total urine flow

A

1ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

each nephron has 2 capillary beds; where?

A

1 at the glomerulus

1 at the peritubular area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the 2 sets of capillaries in the kidneys and what are they connected by

A

glomerular capillaries
peritubular capillaries

connected by an efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what wraps around capillaries in kidney

A

podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is bowman’s space

A

fluid-filled space within bowman’s capsule (protein free fluid filters from glomerulus into here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the filtration barrier in the bowman’s capsule

A
  1. single celled capillary endothelium
  2. basement membrane aka basal lamina
  3. single celled epithelial lining of bowman’s capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are peritubular capillaries at the loop of Henle aka

A

vasa recta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

a cluster of capillaries (basic filtration unit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons (and respective %)?

A

15% - juxtamedullary

85% - cortical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

briefly describe juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • LOH of nephrons plunge deep into medulla

- responsible for generating an osmotic gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

briefly describe cortical nephrons

A
  • renal corpuscles lie in outer cortex and LOH do not penetrate deep into medulla
  • do not contribute to hypertonic medullary interstitium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

combinationn of macula densa & juxtaglomerular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is the flow of the glomerular filtrate

A

glomerular capsule –> pct –> nephron loop –> dct –> collecting duct –> papillary duct –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> urinary bladder –> urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

from tubular lumen –> peritubular capillary

A

tubular reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

peritubular capillary plasma –> tubular lumen

A

tubular secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what is measured GFR

A

conc of M in urine x urine flow rate/conc of M in plasma - creatinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is renal clearance

A

vol of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

does the bowman’s capsule have oncotic pressure

A

no bc no proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what factors affect filtration rate

A
  • size of molecule
  • charge of the molecule (basement membrane is neg)
  • rate of blood flow
  • binding to plasma proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what impact does constricting afferent arterioles have on hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

A

decreases thus decreases GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

how do you increase GFR

A

constrist efferent arterioles which increases hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

how can GFR be measured

A

by marking the excretion of a marker substance (M)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what must a marker substance be

A
  • freely filtered
  • not secreted/absorbed in tubules
  • not metabolised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

is the GFR a good measure of kidney function

A

if a disease = less nephrons, GFR will fall so good measure of kidney function but only 1 aspect. can still have other problems eg w secretion so no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what is often used to estimate GFR (used as M)

A

creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

if macula densa cells detect a reduction in NaCl, what do they release (tubuloglomerular feedback)

A

prostaglandins –> act on granular cells –> triggers renin release –> activation of RAAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what is PCT responsible for

A

bulk reabsorption - leaky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what is DCT responsible for

A

fine tuning - impermeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what is autoregulation?

A

incr blood flow in afferent arteriole –> wall stretch –> smooth muscle contracts –> arteriolar constriction

systemic circulation BP change doesn’t affect renal circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what can easily cross filtration barrier

A

small and positively charged molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what charge does the glomerular basement membrane have

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is the diff btwn osmolarity and osmolality

A

conc of solute in LITRES vs KG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what are the 3 main things that happen in PCT

A
  1. basolateral Na/K pump establishes conditions for mass reabsorption
  2. glucose and phosphate absorbed with sodium - symporter
  3. sodium reabsorbed as H+ excreted - antiporter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what are the 4 steps of bicarb reabsorption in PCT

A
  1. H+ combines w/ bicarb –> carbonic acid (h2co3)
  2. converted to carbon dioxide/water by carbonic anhydrase
  3. carbon dioxide diffuses into cell –> carbonic acid reformed
  4. bicarb pumped into capillary through basolateral membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

how many Na+ are actively transported out in exchange for how many K+ ions

A

3Na+ OUT for 2K+ IN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

why is Na+ exchanged for K+

A

keeps intracellular conc of Na+ low compared to lumen so Na+ moved downhill out of lumen into tubular epithelial cells –> other substances eg glucose/phosphate also follow (Cotransported)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

as Na+ moved into proximal tubule cells, what moves outing the lumen?

A

H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what does Na+ reabsorption promote?

A

H+ secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what else are there cotransporters in PCT for

A

reabsorption of diff amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what is the transport maximum

A

many oft he mediated-transport-reabsorptive systems have limit to amounts of material they can transfer per unit time bc binding sites become saturated when conc of transported substance incr to a certain level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

does a greater GFT result in a higher or lower osmotic pressure and thus reabsorption?

A

increased both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what is the diff btwn descending and ascending limb of LOH

A

descending - water absorption

ascending - solute absorption

85
Q

how does LOH generate a hyper osmotic interstitium

A

via countercurrent multiplication

86
Q

where is there higher osmolarity (which limb)

A

down descending limb

87
Q

what is the diff in osmolarity btwn top and bottom of LOH

A 
top = low osmolarity
bottom = high osmolarity
88
Q

why is there a diff in osmolarity btwn LOH

A

creates conditions for selective reabsorption in collecting duct

89
Q

what is countercurrent multiplication

A

opposing flows in 2 limbs

90
Q

what is the NKCC2 pump

A

transports 1Na+, 1K+ + 2Cl- into ascending limb

91
Q

are cotransporters present in lower ascending limb

A

no, reabsorption there occurs via simple diffusion

92
Q

why don’t medullary capillaries cancel out the countercurrent system

A

vasa recta form hairpin loops that run parallel to LOH: minimise excessive loss

93
Q

what does DCT do

A

continues urine dilution - reabsorption of Na, impermeable to water

94
Q

what cotransporter does DCT have

A

NCC (Na Cl cotransporter) - helps reabsorption of both

95
Q

what does the collecting duct do

A

similar to DCT, also acid secretion and regulation of water reabsorption (conc urine)

96
Q

what is collecting duct surrounded by

A

hypertonic medullary intersititum set up by LOH

97
Q

what do principle cells contain

A

ENaC (epithelial Na channel)

98
Q

what does aldosterone mean in collecting duct

A

more ENaC channels –> incr Na reabsorption/K excretion

99
Q

what does ADH do in collecting duct

A

V2 receptors –> aquaporins in apical membrane –> increased water permeability –> incr water reabsorption –> more concentratedurine

100
Q

what do intercalated cells do

A

secrete acid

  • ATPase pumps out H+ –> byproduct of bicarb production in renal cell
  • ammonia diffuses into tubular fluid –> combines with H to form NH3
101
Q

what is water distribution in ICF/ECF

A

ICF: 2/3
ECF: 1/3

102
Q

what is water distribution in ECF?

A

75%: interstitial fluid

25%: plasma

103
Q

what is the major cation in ECF

A

Na

104
Q

what is the major cation in ICF

A

K

105
Q

what is intracellular pH

A

7.0

106
Q

what is extracellular pH

A

7.4

107
Q

is pH lower in inside or outside of cells

A

inside

108
Q

how do u calculate plasma osmolality

A

2(Na+K) + glucose + urea

109
Q

how is fluid movement regulated

A

by controlling Na movement

110
Q

how is tonicity (osmotic pressure gradient) regulated

A

by controlling water movement

111
Q

where is ADH synthesised

A

hypothalamus (supraoptic nuclei)

112
Q

where is ADH secreted from

A

posterior pituitary

113
Q

what is the release of ADH controlled by

A

hypothalamic osmoreceptors

114
Q

name 2 locations where baroreceptors are located

A

aortic arch

carotid sinus

115
Q

what impact does an increased cardiovascular pressure have in ADH secretion

A

decreased ADH secretion

116
Q

what is thirst stimulated by

A

increase in plasma osmolarity and by a decrease in ECF volume –> ADH secretion –> increased water reabsorption

117
Q

where is Na reabsorbed in specific parts of the kidney and what %

A

60%: PCT
25%: LOH
10%: DCT
4%: collecting duc

118
Q

does urinary excretion increase or decrease with an excess of Na in the body

A

increases

119
Q

is Na actively reabsorbed or secreted

A

actively reabsorbed

120
Q

if Na+ is low, what impact does this have in net glomerular filtration pressure (and why)

A

decreases

  • bc of decreased arterial pressure
  • reflexes acting on renal arterioles (vasoconstriction)
121
Q

for long-term regulation of Na+ excretion: is control of Na+ reabsorption more important or control of GFR

A

control of Na+ reabsorption

122
Q

which hormone has a major impact on determining rate of Na+ reabsorption

A

aldosterone

123
Q

what releases renin

A

juxtaglomerular cells of kidney

124
Q

where is angiotensinogen produced

A

liver

125
Q

where is ACE produced

A

lungs

126
Q

what does ACE do

A

converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

127
Q

what does renin do

A

cleaves angiotensinogen –> angiotensin I

128
Q

what does angiotensin II do

A

stimulates cells of zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex or adrenal glands) to secrete aldosterone

129
Q

what is aldosterone

A

a vasoconstrictor (esp at efferent arteriole) which incr pressure –> increases GFR –> increases Na+ reabsorption in PCT –> stimulates ADH release

130
Q

which cells does aldosterone act on

A

principal cells of collecting ducts

131
Q

if u reabsorb more Na+, what will leak out more of

A

K+

132
Q

which cells synthesis and secrete ANP

A

cells in the cardiac atria

133
Q

what does ANP stand for

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

134
Q

what does ANP do to glomerular arterioles

A

dilates –> increases GFR –> increases Na+ excretion

135
Q

how does ANP inhibit Na+ reabsorption

A

blockis ENaC’s in collecting ducts

136
Q

how does ANP impact ADH secretion

A

directly inhibits –> increases Na+ excretion

137
Q

how does ANP secretion increase when there is excess Na+ in body

A

bc excess Na+ = excess water in vessels = increased blood volume = stretched atria = ANP secreted

138
Q

what ion concentration is the resting membrane potentials of excitable tissues eg nerves/muscles directly related to

A

K+

139
Q

does ANP stimulate or inhibit renin secretion

A

inhibits

140
Q

what are the 2 main hormones that affect the renal system

A

PTH

ANP

141
Q

how does PTH impact reabsorption of phosphate/Ca

A
  • blocks phosphate reabsorption in PCT

- increases calcium reabsorption everywhere else

142
Q

what does PTH stimulate

A

active form of vit d (calcitriol)

143
Q

what does 25-hydroxyvitamin D hydrolysed to in the kidneys

A

1,25dihydroxyvitamin D (active)

144
Q

where is 90% of filtered K+ reabsorbed

A

pct

145
Q

what is the main cause of changes in K+ excretion

A

cortical collecting ducts can secrete K+

146
Q

how does a high K+ diet result in enhanced K+ secretion?

A

plasma K+ conc increases –> enhanced basolateral uptake K+ via NaKATPase pump –> enhanced secretion

147
Q

how does aldosterone affect K+ secretion

A

enhances

148
Q

what is base excess

A

quantity of acid required to return plasma pH to normal

149
Q

what is standard base excess

A

quantity of acid required to return ECF back to normal

150
Q

what is the anion gap

A

diff btwn measured anions and cations ([Na+] + [K+] - [Cl-] + [HCO3-])

151
Q

name 2 urinary buffers

A

urinary phosphate buffer

ammonia buffer

152
Q

what is the purpose of hydrogen ion secretion

A
  • to reabsorb bicarb

- to excrete daily acid load

153
Q

what is the minimum urine pH

A

4.5

154
Q

what Is the commonest urinary buffer

A

alkaline phosphate

155
Q

what is the urinary ammonia buffer purpose

A

it’s an adaptive response to acid load

156
Q

describe the phosphate buffer briefly

A
  • most common

- impermeable to apical membrane

157
Q

describe the ammonia buffer briefly

A
  • adaptive response to acid load –> synthesised from glutamine
  • ammonia diffuses into tubular fluid –> ammonium ions impermeable to apical membrane
  • PCT –> reabsorbed in LOH –> intercalated disc in collecting duct
158
Q

what can cause resp acidosis

A

hypoventilation

  • -> hypercapnia (can’t get rid of CO2)
  • -> eqm shifts right
  • more H+
159
Q

what is renal compensation for resp acidosis

A
  • increased H+ secretion
  • increased bicarb production
  • increased ammonia secretion
160
Q

what can cause resp alkalosis

A

hypoventilation

  • -> hypocapnia
  • -> elm shifts left
  • less H+
161
Q

what is renal compensation for resp alkalosis

A
  • decreased H+ secretion

- increased bicarb secretion

162
Q

what is metabolic acidosis caused by

A

excess acid production

or decreased bicarb concentration

163
Q

what is resp compensation for metabolic acidosis

A
  • low pH stimulates chemoreceptors

- increased ventilation –> decreased pCO2

164
Q

what can cause metabolic alkalosis

A

vomiting = acid loss

165
Q

what is resp compensation for metabolic alkalosis

A
  • high pH stimulates chemoreceptors

- decreased ventilation –> increased pCO2

166
Q

what is the diff in shape of R vs L adrenal gland

A 
R = pyramidal
L = semilunar
167
Q

what 3 regions is the adrenal cortex divided into

A

zona Glomerulosa
zona Fasiculata
zona Reticularis

168
Q

what is the adrenal gland divided into

A

adrenal cortex (–> 3) and adrenal medulla

169
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

zG - mineralocorticoids eg aldosterone
zF - glucocorticoids eg cortisol
zR - androgens eg testosterone

170
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

catecholamines eg adrenaline

171
Q

what are the steroid hormones prod in adrenal glands derived from

A

cholesterol

172
Q

what receptors do mineralocorticoids act on

A

only on mineralocorticoid receptors

173
Q

what receptors do glucocorticoids act on

A

mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors

174
Q

what receptors do androgens act on

A

only androgen receptors

175
Q

what does zona glomerulosa secrete

A

mineralocorticoids

176
Q

what does zona fasciculata secrete

A

glucocorticoids

177
Q

what does zona reticularis secrete

A

sex hormones and small amounts of cortisol

178
Q

what is an example of a mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

179
Q

what is an example of a glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

180
Q

what is an example of an androgen

A

testosterone

181
Q

what is an example of a catecholamine

A

adrenaline

182
Q

what is cortisol released in response to (2)

A
  • stress

- low blood glucose levels

183
Q

what does cortisol do

A

increases gluconeogenesis

increases fat/protein metabolism

184
Q

what type of hormones are catecholamines released from adrenal medulla

A

peptide hormones

185
Q

what is the function of adrenaline (3)

A
  1. gluconeogenesis
  2. lipolysis
  3. increased heart rate
186
Q

what do alpha receptors in smooth muscle involve

A

vasoconstriction/dilation

187
Q

what do the 3 beta receptors do

A

beta 1 - amylase secretion
beta 2 - bronchodilation
beta 3 - lipolysis in adipocytes

188
Q

where do the superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries come from

A

superior - inferior phrenic
middle - abdominal aorta
inferior - renal artery

189
Q

where do the left L and R renal vein drain into

A

right - IVC

left - left renal vein

190
Q

what is the nerve supply of adrenal glands

A

splanchnic nerves

191
Q

all 3 zones of adrenal cortex produce steroids classed under the band of what

A

corticosteroids

192
Q

which type of feedback is important for glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

A

neg

193
Q

what is the precursor for all corticosteroids

A

cholesterol

194
Q

list 3 features of corticosteroids

A
  1. lipid soluble (pass through bio membranes easily)
  2. bind to specific intracellular receptors
  3. alter gene expression
195
Q

what is the role of mineralocorticoids

A

regulate body electrolytes

196
Q

what is aldosterone important for (2)

A

maintaining salt balance and BP

197
Q

will problems with hypothalamus or pituitary impact aldosterone secretion

A

no bc triggered by release of renin by juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arterioles of kidney

198
Q

why is cortisol called a glucocorticoid

A

has important impact on metabolism of glucose

199
Q

how is cortisol release stimulated

A
  1. stress is detected and transmitted neurally to hypothalamus
  2. stimulates secretion of CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) from hypothalamus
  3. carried to anterior pituitary –> ACTH released
  4. ACTH circulates in blood and travels to adrenal cortex –> cortisol released
200
Q

why is cortisol important in foetal and neonatal life

A

responsible for diff of numerous tissue and glands

201
Q

what hormone is essential for surfactant production

A

cortisol!

202
Q

what is the most abundant (yet weak) adrenal steroid

A

DHEA (dehydroepiadrosterone)

203
Q

which NS is adrenal medulla part of

A

autonomic

204
Q

what do alpha receptors have a high affinity for (adrenaline or noradrenaline)

A

noradrenaline

205
Q

what do beta receptors have a high affinity for (adrenaline or noradrenaline)

A

adrenaline

206
Q

is resp compensation for acidosis/alkalosis slow or fast

A

fast

207
Q

is renal compensation for acidosis/alkalosis slow or fast

A

slow

208
Q

what are the 3 layers of kidney tissue (outer to inner)

A
  1. renal fascia
  2. perirenal fat capsule
  3. fibrous capsule

(SALMA) Physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions