Bacteria Divesity

Question 1

Cyanobacteria groups

Answer 1

Chroococcales
Pleurocapsales
Oscillatoriales
Nostocales
Stigonematales

Question 2

Cyanobacteria characteristics

Answer 2

•Have type I and type II photosystems
•All species fix CO2 by the Calvin cycle
•Many species fix N2 (Heterocysts)
•All species have specialized membranes called thylakoids
•Produce pigments
-chlorophyll a and phycobilins
•Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
gas vesicles + neurotoxic
Gliding motility
Obligate phototrophs

Question 3

Purple sulfur bacteria genera

Answer 3

Chromatium

Ectothirhodospira

Question 4

Purple sulfur bacteria traits

Answer 4

• Found in illuminated anoxic zones as well as sulfur ‘hot’ springs
• Contain bacteriochlorophyll a or b
• Carotenoids for purple colour
• Use hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or as thiosulfate (S2O32−) as an electron donor
• Sulfide oxidized to elemental sulfur (S0), which is stored as globules either inside or outside cells

Question 5

Purple Nonsulfur bacteria genera

Answer 5

Rhodospirillum
Rhodoferax
Rhodobacter

Question 6

Purple Nonsulfur bacteria traits

Answer 6

• Synthesize wide array of carotenoids - colourful
• Morphologically and phylogenetically diverse
• Use sulfide as an electron donor for CO2 reduction
• Can grow aerobically or anaerobically
• grow photoheterotrophically using light as an energy
• source and organic compounds as a carbon source
• All in Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria

Question 7

Aerobic anoxygenic bacteria genera

Answer 7

Roseobacter

Erythrobacter

Question 8

Aerobic anoxygenic bacteria traits

Answer 8

• Carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis; no O2 is involved
• Type II photosystem – bacteriochlorophyll a or b
• Synthesise a wide array of carotenoids
• Morphologically diverse group
• Genera fall within the Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria

Question 9

Rickettsia rickettsia

Answer 9

Typhus

Question 10

Rickettsia wolbachia

Answer 10

Affect reproductive fitness of insects

Question 11

Meningitis

Answer 11

Neisseria meningititidis
Meningococcal meningitis (older children)
-airborne and treated with penicillin

Question 12

Gonorrhea

Answer 12

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 13

Methyophilales

Answer 13

Grow on methanol and C1 compounds

Question 14

Shigella

Answer 14

Infant diarrhea

Question 15

Mixed fermenters vs butanediol fermenters

Answer 15

Mixed - glucose –> many molecules of succinic, acetic and lactic acids = significant pH drop

Butanediol –> produce less acid from glucose = lesser drop of pH

Question 16

Serratia

Answer 16

Pneumonia

Question 17

Campylobacter and Heliobacter

Answer 17

Epsilonproteobacter

• Gram-negative, motile spirilla
• Oxidase- and catalase-positive
• Pathogenic to humans and animals

Question 18

Homofermentative

Answer 18

Lactic acid only

Question 19

Heterofermantative

Answer 19

Lactic acid, ethanol and CO2

Question 20

Clostridium perfringens

Answer 20

Food poisoning

Question 21

Botulism

Answer 21

Clostridium botulinum

Question 22

Strickland reactions

Answer 22

Metabolism of a pair of amino acids

Question 23

Mycoplasma cell membranes

Answer 23

• Key components of peptidoglycan are missing
• Sterols and lipoglycan required to stabilise cytoplasmic membranes

Question 24

Propionibacterium

Answer 24

• Have metabolic strategy called secondary fermentation
  • Obtain energy from fermentation products produced by other bacteria
  • Fermentation produces CO2 –> produces holes on Swiss cheese
• Propionic acid –> responsible for flavor of the cheese

Question 25

Mycobacterium

Answer 25

Tuberculosis
Leprosy (M. Leprae)
• Rod-shaped organisms, exhibit acid-fastness
• Presence of mycolic acids

Question 26

Actinobacterium

Answer 26

Streptomyces (mycelium)

-antibiotics

Question 27

Bacteroides

Answer 27

Sphingolipids in intestines

Question 28

Chlamydia

Answer 28

Chlamydiae

Obligatory parasitic