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NAB > 6a. Cutaneous Receptors > Flashcards

6a. Cutaneous Receptors Flashcards

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1
Q

Accessory Structures

- 5 Functions

A
  • Protection
  • Conduction
  • Concentration
  • Analysis
  • Sensitisation or inhibition
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2
Q

Cutaneous Receptors

- 2 Types

A
  • Encapsulated nerve endings

- Non-encapsulated nerve endings

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3
Q

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

- 4 Types

A

Slowly adapting type I afferents:
- Merkel cells

Slowly adapting type II afferents:
- Ruffini endings

Rapidly adapting type I afferents:
- Meissner’s corpuscles

Rapidly adapting type II afferents:
- Pacinian corpuscles

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4
Q

Mechanotransduction

- 3 Theories

A

Ion channels are opened by:

  1. Changes in lipid tension
  2. Movement of structural proteins linked to the channel
  3. Structural protein linked by a 2nd messenger cascade
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5
Q

Temporal Discharge Patterns

A

Rapidly adapting receptors only generate action potentials at the onset of the stimulus.

Slowly adapting receptors produce tonic action potential discharge in response to a steady stimulus.

Provides stimulus frequency information.

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6
Q

Phase-Locking

A

Provides stimulus frequency information

Rapidly adapting receptor gives a single action potential for each [phase of the sinusoid stimulus, treating each period of the waveform as a new stimulus

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7
Q

Fibre Recruitment

A

Provides stimulus intensity information

Number of active fibres is linearly related to amplitude of sinusoid stimulus

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8
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

- Receptor Type

A

Rapidly adapting type I afferent

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9
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

- Number

A

150 per cm2 glamorous skin

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10
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

- Afferent fibres

A

20 Meissner’s corpuscles per afferent

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11
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

- Structure

A

Directly connected to epidermal cells and collagen fibres

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12
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

- Receptive field

A

Small

2-5mm diameter

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13
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

- Stimulus Type

A

Respond best to low frequency vibration 10-40Hz

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14
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

- Function

A

Fine touch

Perception of slip between the skin and an object, to feedback on grip control

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15
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

- Receptor Type

A

Rapidly adapting type II afferent

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16
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

- Number

A

350 per finger

850 per palm

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17
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

- Afferent Fibres

A

1 Pacinian corpuscles per afferent fibre

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18
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

- Structure

A

Central nerve ending surrounded by concentric layers of cellular membrane called lamellae, alternating with fluid filled spaces

Enclosed in a capsule

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19
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

- Receptive Field

A

Large

Central zone of maximal sensitivity surrounded by a large continuous surface of the finger or palm

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20
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

- Stimulus Type

A

Extremely sensitive

Respond to 10nm of skin motion at 200Hz

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21
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

- Function

A

Perception of events through an object held in the hand

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22
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

- Location

A

Widely distributed

  • Hypodermis and epidermis of glaborous skin
  • Connective tissue in muscles
  • Between tendons
  • Close to bone periosteum
  • Mesentery in cats
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23
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

- Lamellae Removal

A

Prevents rapid adaptation to sustained stimulus.

Stimulus-induced receptor potential persists until the stimulus is removed

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24
Q

Vibration Detection

- Cutaneous Receptors Responsible

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles

- Pacinian corpuscles

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25
Vibration Detection | - Experiment
Local anaesthetic applied to the skin: - Reduces effectiveness of the more superficial Meissner's corpuscles Pre-Adaptation: - 250Hz preadaptation reduces the effectiveness of the Pacinian corpuscle as they adapt - 30Hz preadaptation reduces the effectiveness of the Meissner's corpuscle as they adapt
26
Merkel Cells | - Receptor Type
Type I slowly adapting afferent
27
Merkel Cells | - Location
Just below the crests of fingerprint ridges
28
Merkel Cells | - Afferent Fibres
20 Merkel cells per afferent fibre
29
Merkel Cells | - Receptive Field
Small
30
Merkel Cells | - Stimulus Type
Linear response to indentation up to 1500micrometers 10x more sensitive to dynamic stimuli
31
Ruffini Endings | - Receptor Type
Type II slowly adapting afferent
32
Ruffini Endings | - Afferent Fibres
1 Ruffini ending per afferent fibre
33
Ruffini Endings | - Stimulus Type
Stretch Perception of object motion and providing information about hand shape and finer position
34
Ruffini Endings | - Location
Deep
35
Braille | - Receptor Type
Slowly adapting type I afferents (Merkel)
36
Receptive Field | - Definition
The spatial domain where stimulation excites or inhibits the afferent neurone. Receptive field size determines tactile acuity, where smaller receptive fields give greater tactile acuity
37
Receptive Field | - Measuring
Microneurography Metal recording electrode is placed through the skin into the median nerve and stimulating areas of the sand determines which areas could be excited to give and increase in neural activity
38
Type I Afferent Mechanoreceptors
Small receptive field | High density
39
Type II Afferent Mechanoreceptors
Large receptive field | Low density
40
2 Point Limen
Way to determine the tactical acuity of different body parts Smallest discriminable distance between 2 points of contact Acuity tends to increase with an increase in mobility of body parts, in the upper body at least
41
Non-Encapsulated Nerve Endings | - 2 Types
- Nociceptors | - Thermoreceptors
42
Thermoreceptors | - Cold and Warm Spots
The number of cold spots greatly exceeds the number of warm spots there are more receptors than there are cold and warm spots, and require simultaneous activation to give sensation due to spatial summation
43
Thermoreceptors | - Types
- TRPV4 - TRPV1 - TRPV2 - TRPM8 - TRPA1
44
Thermoreceptors | - TRPV4
Activated by temperatures >36
45
Thermoreceptors | - TRPV1
Activated by: - Capsaicin - Painful increases in temperature >43
46
Thermoreceptors | - TRPV2
Activated by painful increases in temperature >52 which signal damage to the flesh
47
Thermoreceptors | - TRPM8
Activated by: - Non-painful decreases in temperature <25 - Methanol - Methol
48
Thermoreceptors | - TRPA1
Activated by: - Painful cold - Mustard, horseraddish and wasabi
49
Cold Receptor Afferents
α-delta and C-fibres
50
Warm Receptor Afferents
Sub-population of C-fibres
51
Paradoxical Cold
Heat stimulus is applied to a cold spot, gives cold sensation, as opposed to painful heat sensation that would occur if it was applied to a diffuse area of skin. Activity in the cold fibre is experiences as cold irrespective of the physical nature of the stimulus - Labelled line coding
52
Nociceptors | - Structure
Free nerve endings, making them very sensitive to chemicals produced or released at the site of injury
53
Nociceptors | - Pain Phases
1. Transient sharp 2. Dull burning 2 phase sensation suggests 2 nociceptors
54
Nociceptors | - 2 Types
- A-delta fibres = transient sharp pain | - C fibres = Dull burning pain
55
Nociceptors | - A-Delta Fibres
Transient sharp pain Myelinated to facilitate rapid response
56
Nociceptors | - C Fibres
Dull burning pain Un-myelinated Poly-modal, responding to: - Temperature <15 and >43 - Strong mechanical stimuli - Chemical stimuli
57
Pleasant Touch of Hairy Skin | - Fibre Type
C fibre tactile afferents (CT) Slow conduction velocity 1m/s
58
Pleasant Touch of Hairy Skin | - Discovery
Microneurography
59
Pleasant Touch of Hairy Skin | - Stroke Velocity vs Pleasantness
Positive correlation | - Suggests these afferents are more concerned with emotional feeling than touch
60
Sensitisation and Desensitisation
Mechanoreceptors desensitise to constant stimulation Nociceptors sensitise to constant stimulation
61
Acute Sensory Neuropathy Syndrome
Rare Loss of cutaneous sensation and proprioception
62
Astereognosia
Inability to identify objects from touch Can occur in some patients suffering from multiple sclerosis

NAB (37 decks)

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