7 Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
4 metabolic stages of cellular respiration
A
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation
- Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain
2
Q
occurs in cytosol
A
Glycolysis
3
Q
- respiration using O2
– in mitochondria
A
Aerobic respiration
4
Q
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —>
A
ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2 (+ heat)
5
Q
Photosynthesis in?
A
Chloroplasts
6
Q
Cellular respiration in?
A
mitochondria
7
Q
- Step-by-step breakdown
of high-energy glucose
molecules to release
energy - Takes place day and
night in all living cells - Occurs in stages,
controlled by enzymes
A
Cellular Respiration
8
Q
Step-by-step __________
of high-energy glucose
molecules to release
________
A
breakdown
energy
9
Q
Takes place day and
night in all ___________
A
living cells
10
Q
Occurs in stages,
controlled by ________
A
enzymes
11
Q
Breakdown of Cellular Respiration
A
- Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
- Grooming Phase
- Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
and Oxidative Phosphorylation
12
Q
cytosol, just outside of
mitochondria.
A
Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
13
Q
migration
from cytosol to matrix
A
Grooming Phase
14
Q
mitochondrial matrix
A
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
15
Q
a. Also called Chemiosmosis
b. inner mitochondrial
membrane.
A
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
and Oxidative Phosphorylation
16
Q
Energy Currency of Cells
A
ATP
17
Q
An __________ contains potential energy, much like a
compressed spring.
A
ATP molecule
18
Q
When a phosphate group is pulled away
during a chemical reaction, energy is ____________.
A
released
19
Q
This cycle is the fundamental
mode of energy exchange in
biological systems.
A
ATP-ADP Cycle
20
Q
ATP is constantly
_______ in your cells.
A
recycled
21
Q
A working ________
recycles all of its ATP
molecules about once
each minute.
A
muscle cell
22
Q
That’s _________ ATP molecules
spent and regenerated
per second!
A
10 million
23
Q
Different types of Cellular Respiration
A
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
24
Q
– Occurs in the presence of
oxygen
– When chemically breaking
down glucose completely,
this process releases large
amounts energy
- Releasing carbon dioxide and
water as waste products.
A
Aerobic respiration
25
-Occurs if there is a lack of
oxygen available for aerobic
respiration
-Only Glycolysis occurs
-Glucose is incompletely
broken down
-In this type of respiration a
lot less energy is -produced
and most of it is lost as heat.
Anaerobic respiration
26
NET REACTION
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---->
6CO2 + 620 + about 38 ATP
27
**GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS**
1st step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product: Glucose
Enzyme: Hexokinase
Energy: ATP to ADP
28
**GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS**
2nd step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Product: Glucose-6-phosphate
Enzyme: Isomerase
29
**GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS**
3rd step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product: Fructose-6-phosphate
Enzyme: phospho-fructokinase
Energy: ATP to ADP
30
**GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS**
4th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Product: Fructose -1, 6- Bisphosphate
Enzyme: Aldolase
31
**GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS**
*in the 5th step, the fructose-1, 6- Bisphosphate is divided into two*
5th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product:
1. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
2. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
**Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate**
Enzyme: GL-3-P Dehydrogenase
Energy: NAD to NADH
32
**GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS**
6th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product: 1-3 Bisphosphoglycerate
Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate kinase
Energy: ADP to ATP
33
**GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS**
7th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Product: 3-phosphoglycerate
Enzyme: phosphoglycerate mutase
34
**GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS**
8th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Product: 2-phosphoglycerate
Enzyme: Enolase
35
**GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS**
9th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Product: Phosphoenol pyruvate
Enzyme: Pyruvate kinase
36
**GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS**
10th step in glycolysis
Product:
Energy:
Product: Pyruvate
Energy: ADP to ATP
37
1st Phase of Glycolysis where energy is consumed
1. Glucose
2. Glucose-6-phosphate
3. Fructose-6-phosphate
4. Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate
5. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
38
2nd Phase of Glycolysis where energy is consumed
6) 1-3 Bisphosphoglycerate
7) 3-Phosphoglycerate
8) 2-Phosphoglycerate
9) Phosphoenol pyruvate
10) Pyruvate
39
Net Reaction of Glycolysis
Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD ---> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
40
* Breaking down glucose
– “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
– ancient pathway which harvests energy
* where energy transfer first evolved
* transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP
* still is starting point for all cellular respiration
– but it’s inefficient
* generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
– occurs in cytosol
Glycolysis
41
“glyco – lysis”
(splitting sugar)
42
**Glycolysis**
Breaking down _______
glucose
43
**Glycolysis**
ancient pathway which ________
harvests energy
44
**Glycolysis**
– ancient pathway which harvests energy
* where energy transfer first evolved
* transfer energy from _______
* still is _______ for all cellular respiration
organic molecules to ATP
starting point
45
**Glycolysis**
but it’s ________
inefficient
46
**Glycolysis**
- but it’s inefficient
* generate only _______ for every ____
2 ATP, 1 glucose
47
**Glycolysis**
occurs in _____
cytosol
48
* Prokaryotes
– first cells had no organelles
* Anaerobic atmosphere
– life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in
atmosphere
– energy had to be captured from organic molecules in
absence of O2
* Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all
modern life
– ALL cells still utilize glycolysis
Evolutionary perspective
49
**Evolutionary perspective**
– first cells had no organelles
Prokaryotes
50
**Evolutionary perspective**
– life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in
atmosphere
– energy had to be captured from organic molecules in
absence of O2
Anaerobic atmosphere
51
**Evolutionary perspective**
Anaerobic atmosphere
– life on Earth first evolved ________ in atmosphere
– energy had to be captured from _______ in absence of O2
without free oxygen (O2)
organic molecules
52
**Evolutionary perspective**
that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all
modern life
Prokaryotes
53
**Evolutionary perspective**
_______ still utilize glycolysis
ALL cells
54
Overview of ten (10) reactions of glycolysis
– convert:
– produces:
– consumes:
– net:
– convert:
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
– produces:
4 ATP & 2 NADH
– consumes:
2 ATP
– net:
2 ATP & 2 NADH
55
DHAP
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
56
G3P
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
57
1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
- get glucose ready to split
* Phosphorylate glucose
* molecular rearrangement
- split destabilized glucose
Glucose “priming”
58
**1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)**
Glucose “priming”
- get glucose ready to _____
split
59
**1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)**
- get glucose ready to split
* Phosphorylate glucose
* molecular rearrangement
60
**1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)**
split ______ glucose
destabilized
61
**2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)**
– NADH production
* G3P donates H
* oxidize sugar
* reduce NAD+
* NAD+ ® NADH
– ATP production
* G3P ® pyruvate
* PEP sugar donates P
* ADP ® ATP
Energy Harvest
62
**2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)**
**Energy Harvest**
NADH production
* G3P donates H
* oxidize sugar
* reduce NAD+
* NAD+ ---> NADH
63
**2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)**
**Energy Harvest**
ATP production
* G3P ---> pyruvate
* PEP sugar donates P
* ADP ---> ATP
64
**Substrate-level Phosphorylation**
In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?
The phosphate group in this case comes directly from the PEP molecule or the sugar substrate
65
**Substrate-level Phosphorylation**
P is transferred from ________
PEP to ADP
66
P is transferred from _______
- kinase enzyme
- ADP ---> ATP
PEP to ADP
67
P is transferred from PEP to ADP
- kinase enzyme
- ADP ---> ATP
68
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
_____ is formed when an ________ transfers a _________ from a ______ to _____.
ATP
enzyme
phosphate group
substrate
ADP
69
Energy accounting of glycolysis
* Net gain = _______
– some energy investment (___)
– small energy return (_______)
* 1 6C sugar ---> ________
2 ATP
-2 ATP
+4 ATP
2 3C sugars
70
Is that all there is?
* Not a lot of energy…
– for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived
* no O2= _________
slow growth, slow reproduction
71
Is that all there is?
* Not a lot of energy…
– for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth
survived
* no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction
* only harvest _________ stored in glucose
3.5% of energy
72
Is that all there is?
* Not a lot of energy…
– for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth
survived
* no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction
* only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose
– more carbons to strip off = _________
more energy to harvest
73
Splits a glucose molecule into 2 - 3 Carbon molecules called ________.
PYRUVATE
74
Glycolysis product
2 ATP, NADH and pyruvate
75
* Going to run out of NAD+
– without regenerating NAD+, _________________
– another molecule must accept H from NADH
energy production would stop!
76
* Going to run out of NAD+
– without regenerating NAD+,
energy production would stop!
– another molecule must ___________ from NADH
accept H
77
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?
NADH is recycled to NAD⁺ through fermentation processes, such as lactic acid fermentation, where it donates electrons to pyruvate, or alcoholic fermentation, where it reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol.
78
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?
with oxygen
aerobic respiration
pyruvate
79
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?
without oxygen
anaerobic respiration
fermentation
80
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?
Another molecule
must _____ from
NADH
accept H
81
Fermentation
(anaerobic)
82
* Bacteria, yeast
* Animals, some fungi
Fermentation (anaerobic)
83
Bacteria, yeast (example)
beer, wine, bread
84
Animals, some fungi (example)
cheese, anaerobic exercise (no O2)
85
Bacteria, yeast reaction
pyruvate ---> ethanol + CO2
3C ---> 2C + 1C
NADH ---> NAD+ ---> Glycolysis
86
Animals, some fungi reaction
pyruvate ---> lactic acid
3C ---> 3C
NADH ---> NAD+ ---> glycolysis
87
Examples of Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
88
Alcohol Fermentation
example reaction (bacteria yeast)
pyruvate ---> ethanol + CO2
3C ---> 2C ---> 1C
NADH ---> NAD+
89
- Dead end process
- at ~12% ethanol, kills yeast
- can’t reverse the reaction
Alcohol Fermentation
90
Dead end process
Alcohol Fermentation
91
**Alcohol Fermentation**
at ~12% ethanol, ______
kills yeast
92
**Alcohol Fermentation**
can’t _______ the reaction
reverse
93
Lactic Acid Fermentation reaction example
animals
pyruvate ---> lactic acid
3C ---> 3C
NADH ---> NAD+
94
Reversible process
- once O2 is available, lactate is converted back to pyruvate by
the liver
Lactic Acid Fermentation
95
Reversible process
Lactic Acid Fermentation
96
**Reversible process**
once O2 is available, ____ is _______ to _______ by the _______
lactate
converted back
pyruvate
liver
97
_____ is a branching point
Pyruvate
98
The oxygen (O2) gained in pyruvate will go to?
mitochondria
Kreb’s cycle (aerobic respiration)
99
Three fates of pyruvate produced by glycolysis
1. Anaerobic respiration (lactc acid fermentation)
2. Aerobic oxidation
3. Anaerobic (alcohol fermentation)
100
**Making ATP**
– set up a H+ gradient
– allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthase
– powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
ATP synthase
101
ATP synthase
– set up a ________
– allow H+ to ____ through ATP synthase
– powers bonding of _______
H+ gradient
flow
Pi to ADP
102
Making ATP
_________ ---> ATP
ADP + Pi
103
Metabolism in the
_____________________
mitochondrial matrix
104
**Oxidation of pyruvate**
Pyruvate enters _________
mitochondria
105
**Oxidation of pyruvate**
Acetyl CoA enters __________
Krebs cycle
106
– 3 step oxidation process
– releases 1 CO2 (count the carbons!)
– reduces 2 NAD ® 2 NADH (moves e-)
– produces acetyl CoA
Pyruvate enters mitochondria
107
Pyruvate enters mitochondria
- 3 step ______ process
– releases ___ (count the carbons!)
– reduces _________ (moves e-)
– produces ________
oxidation
1 CO2
2 NAD ---> 2 NADH
acetyl CoA
108
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
YIELD
2x[Yield = 2C sugar +NADH + CO2]
109
* aka Citric Acid Cycle
– in mitochondrial matrix
– 8 step pathway
* each catalyzed by specific enzyme
* step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule
* Evolved later than glycolysis
– does that make evolutionary sense?
* bacteria ®3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis)
* free O2 ®2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis)
* eukaryotes ®1.5 billion years ago (aerobic
respiration = organelles ® mitochondria)
Krebs cycle
110
who discover krebs cycle?
Hans Krebs
1900-1981
111
aka Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs cycle
112
Krebs cycle occurs in
mitochondrial matrix
113
Krebs cycle has _____ pathways
8 pathways
114
in each 8 pathways of kreb cycle
each catalyzed by _______
specific enzyme
115
in 8 pathways of krebs cycle it has
step-wise _______ of _______ molecule
catabolism
6C citrate
116
Evolved later than glycolysis
Krebs cycle
117
**Krebs cycle evolved later than glycolysis**
* bacteria - 3.5 billion years ago (_____)
* free O2 - 2.7 billion years ago (____)
* eukaryotes - 1.5 billion years ago (________)
glycolysis
photosynthesis
aerobic respiration = organelles ----> mitochondria
118
In eukaryotes, the krebs cycle occurs in ______
mitochondria
119
In prokaryotes, the krebs cycle occurs in ______
cytosol
120
**KREBS CYCLE PROCESS**
1st step in krebs cycle
From pyruvate to acetyl coA with the help of oxaloacetate
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product: Citrate (6 carbon)
Enzyme: Citrate synthase
6 carbon
121
**KREBS CYCLE PROCESS**
2nd step in krebs cycle
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product: Isocitrate
Enzyme: Aconitase
122
**KREBS CYCLE PROCESS**
3rd step in krebs cycle
Isocitrate to Alpha-ketoglutarate
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product: Alpha-ketoglutarate (5 carbon)
Enzyme: Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Energy:
NAD to NADH
CO2
123
**KREBS CYCLE PROCESS**
3rd step in krebs cycle
Alpha-ketoglutarate to Succinyl CoA
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product: Succinyl CoA (4 carbon)
Enzyme: Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Energy:
NAD to NADH
CO2
124
**KREBS CYCLE PROCESS**
4th step in krebs cycle
Succinyl CoA to Succinate
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product: Succinyl CoA (4 carbon)
Enzyme: Succinyl CoA synthase
Energy: GTP
125
**KREBS CYCLE PROCESS**
5th step in krebs cycle
Succinate to Fumarate
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product: Fumarate
Enzyme: Succinate Dehydrogenase
Energy: FADH2 <--- QH2
126
**KREBS CYCLE PROCESS**
6th step in krebs cycle
Fumarate to Malate
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product: Malate
Enzyme: Fumarase
127
**KREBS CYCLE PROCESS**
7th step in krebs cycle
Malate to Oxaloacetate
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:
Product: Oxaloacetate
Enzyme: Malate Dehydrogenase
Energy: NAD to NADH
128
**Krebs cycle**
So we fully oxidized glucose C6H12O6 ---> CO2 & ended up with ________
4 ATP!
129
Net gain of krebs cycle
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
130
Hydrogen Carriers
Electron Carriers
131
Krebs cycle produces large quantities of ____________
electron carriers
132
Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers
- NADH
- FADH2
- go to Electron Transport Chain
133
What’s so important about electron carriers?
Electron carriers are vital for transporting electrons during metabolic processes, facilitating energy transfer that ultimately leads to ATP production.
134
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
Net gain
= 2 ATP
= 8 NADH + 2 FADH2
135
Value of Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle is essential for generating energy-rich molecules, such as NADH and FADH2, which are crucial for ATP production and cellular metabolism.
136
If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs cycle an adaptation?
The Krebs cycle is an adaptation because it efficiently produces high-energy electron carriers that drive ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation, enabling greater energy extraction from nutrients.
137
If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs cycle an adaptation?
value of _________
NADH & FADH2
138
value of NADH & FADH2
* electron carriers & H carriers
– reduced molecules move ____
– reduced molecules move ____
electrons
H+ ions
139
value of NADH & FADH2
to be used in the _______
Electron Transport Chain
140
– series of molecules built into inner
mitochondrial membrane
* along cristae
* transport proteins & enzymes
– transport of electrons down ETC linked to
pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
– yields ~34 ATP from 1 glucose!
– only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration)
Electron Transport Chain
141
Electron Transport Chain is a series of molecules built into ________
inner mitochondrial membrane
142
Electron Transport Chain
– series of molecules built into inner mitochondrial membrane
* along ______
* transport _________
cristae
proteins & enzymes
143
* Electron Transport Chain
– series of molecules built into inner mitochondrial membrane
* along cristae
* transport proteins & enzymes
– transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create ______________
H+ gradient
144
Electron Transport Chain
– series of molecules built into inner mitochondrial membrane
* along cristae
* transport proteins & enzymes
– transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
– yields _________ from 1 glucose!
~34 ATP
145
Electron Transport Chain
– series of molecules built into inner
mitochondrial membrane
* along cristae
* transport proteins & enzymes
– transport of electrons down ETC linked to
pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
– yields ~34 ATP from 1 glucose!
– only in presence of _________
O2 (aerobic respiration)
146
Electron Transport Chain occurs in?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
147
What powers the proton (H+) pumps?
The proton (H+) pumps are powered by the energy released during electron transfer through the electron transport chain, which creates a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane.
148
**Stripping H from Electron Carriers**
NADH passes electrons to _________
ETC
149
Stripping H from Electron Carriers
* NADH passes electrons to ETC
– H cleaved off ___________
NADH & FADH2
150
Stripping H from Electron Carriers
* NADH passes electrons to ETC
– H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
– _________ stripped from H atoms ---> ____________
electrons
H+ (protons)
151
Stripping H from Electron Carriers
* NADH passes electrons to ETC
– H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
– electrons stripped from H atoms ---> H+ (protons)
– electrons passed from _________ to next in mitochondrial membrane (ETC)
one electron carrier
152
Stripping H from Electron Carriers
* NADH passes electrons to ETC
– H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
– electrons stripped from H atoms ----> H+ (protons)
– electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in
mitochondrial membrane (ETC)
– transport proteins in membrane pump ______ across inner membrane to ___________
H+ (protons)
intermembrane space
153
But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?
The electrons are "pulled" down the electron transport chain by the increasing electronegativity of the electron carriers, which ultimately transfers the electrons to oxygen, the final electron acceptor.
154
But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?
electrons flow downhill to ________
O2
155
is the final electron acceptor in ETC
OXYGEN
156
Electrons flow downhill
* Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to ______
O2
157
Electrons flow downhill
* Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to O2
– each carrier more ________
electronegative
158
Electrons flow downhill
* Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to O2
– each carrier more electronegative
– controlled ___________
oxidation
159
Electrons flow downhill
* Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to O2
– each carrier more electronegative
– controlled oxidation
– controlled release of ________
energy
160
* Set up a H+ gradient
* Allow the protons
to flow through
ATP synthase
* Synthesizes ATP
ADP + Pi ---> ATP
“proton-motive” force
161
“proton-motive” force
* Set up a __________
* Allow the __________
to flow through
ATP synthase
* _________ ATP
H+ gradient
protons
Synthesizes
162
* The diffusion of ions across a membrane
– build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow
through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP
Chemiosmosis
163
links the Electron
Transport Chain
to ATP synthesis
Chemiosmosis
164
The diffusion of ions across a membrane
Chemiosmosis
165
**Chemiosmosis**
The diffusion of ions across a membrane
– build up of __________ just so ______ could flow through _________ to build ATP
proton gradient
H+
ATP synthase enzyme
166
He proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis
– revolutionary idea at the time
Peter Mitchell
167
by substrate-level phosphorylation
+2 ATP
168
depending on shuttle that transports electrons from NADH in cytosol
-0 to about 2 ATP
169
by oxidative phosphorylation
+ about 34 ATP
170
Where did the glucose come from?
Glucose comes from the photosynthesis of plants, where they convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose.
171
Where did the O2 come from?
Oxygen (O2) is produced during photosynthesis as a byproduct when plants split water molecules.
172
Where did the CO2 come from?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced during cellular respiration when glucose is metabolized.
173
Where did the CO2 go?
The CO2 is released into the atmosphere as a waste product during respiration and through plant respiration.
174
Where did the H2O come from?
Water (H2O) is produced as a byproduct of the electron transport chain during cellular respiration when electrons combine with oxygen and protons.
175
Where did the ATP come from?
ATP is generated primarily during cellular respiration through substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, as well as oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain.
176
What else is produced that is not listed in this equation?
Other products include heat and metabolic intermediates that are used in various biochemical pathways.
177
Why do we breathe?
We breathe to take in oxygen for cellular respiration and to remove carbon dioxide produced as a waste product.
178
What is the final
electron acceptor in
Electron Transport
Chain?
oxygen
179
So what happens if O2 unavailable?
If oxygen is unavailable, cells switch to anaerobic respiration, which produces less ATP and results in byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol, depending on the organism.
180
So what happens if O2 unavailable?
__________ backs up
ETC
181
So what happens if O2 unavailable?
ETC backs up
- nothing to pull electrons down chain
- __________ can’t unload H
- ATP production ________
- cells _______ of energy
- and you die!
NADH & FADH2
ceases
run out
182
– Break into AA’s
– Deaminate
– Alanine to pyruvate
– Glutamate to α
ketoglutarate
– Aspartate to oxaloacetate
Proteins
183
– Degrade into individual fatty acids &
glycerol
– Oxidized in matrix—enzymes attack
long fatty acid chains and remove 2C
chunks
– Entire chain is converted into acetylCoA
– Called Beta oxidation
– Glycerol is converted into pyruvate.
FATS
184
__________ join the Krebs cycle at
different points
AA’s
185
Called Beta oxidation
FATS
186
* When there is an excess of intermediates they
can be used to build necessary molecules.
* Lipids can be generated from excess acetyl CoA
* Glycogen is generated from excess pyruvate
* Amino acids are genertated from different
stages of the krebs cycle.
BIOSYNTHESIS
187
**BIOSYNTHESIS**
_____ can be generated from excess acetyl CoA
Lipids
188
**BIOSYNTHESIS**
_________ is generated from excess pyruvate
Glycogen
189
**BIOSYNTHESIS**
_________ are genertated from different stages of the krebs cycle.
Amino acids
