7. ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE Flashcards
(28 cards)
main reasons for failures in AB treatment-infection is caused by resistant strain
antibiotics are not effective
main reasons for failures in AB treatment-transfer of resistant gene from one
bacteria to another, from one bacterial generation to another
main reasons for failures in AB treatment-treatment without
bacterial diagnosis, disease can be caused by virus or there is no infection at all
antimicrobial resistance adaptation of
microbes to substances that are harmful to the,
antimicrobial resistance is caused as result of
selection or adaptation
resistant population of microbes will remain
after EACH antibiotic treatment
resistance is capable of
passing from one generation of bacteria to next and from one type of bacteria to another
distribution of resistance , transfer of resistant microbes
-from animal to animal
-from human to human
-from animal to human
-from human to animal
-via environment
-via food, feed, drinking water
antimicrobial resistance is an
'’one health’’ problem
AMEG ABs classification A
-AVOID!
-used in humans
-ex. Carbapenems (meropenem), Lipopeptides, Sulfones, Glycopeptides, Glycocyclines
AMEG group B
-RESTRICT!
-last choice when another AB not work
-Cephalosporins 3-4th generation, polymyxins: colistin, Quinolones
AMEG group C
-CAUTION!
-not first choice
-Aminoglycosides (except spectinomycin), aminopenicillins, cephalosporins 1st and 2nd generation, Macrolides (erythromycin)
AMEG group D
-PRUDENCE!
-1st choice
-Aminopenicillins, without beta-lactamase inhibitors (amoxicillin), tetracyclines, natural-narrow spectrum PENICILLINS, aminoglycosides, steroid antibacterials
points emphasized in AMR guidelines
-use of AB is always related to development of antimicrobial resistance
higher risk of resistance development
-group therapy
-subtherapeutic doses
-repeated treatment
-wrong dose/duration of treatment
in farm and vet practice there should be
routine that insures minimal resistance development
use antibiotics only when there is real
necessity
>take sample and analyze
>susceptivle for specific bacteria
D group
use antibiotics under
vet prescription only
do not use vet meds ABs that are critically important in
human medicine
how to minimize development of resistance
-rational use of ABs
-awareness: vets, farmers, pet owners
-availability of ABs: rules, guidelines
healthy animals
do not need ABs
rational use of ABs, basic rules
- before starting ABs treatment: make sure it is bacterial infection > sample before treatment to determine agent ; agents sensitivity to ABs
- select 1 first choice narrow-spectrum ABs drug that acts against this specific agent
- broad-spectrum ABs typically reserve preparations (use if others are ineffective), can be used in mixed infections involving skin and reproductive organs
awareness
farmer has to maintain stable growth and health of animals : feeding and good environmental conditions
complex approach (1-5)
- avoid unnecessary use of AB: routine prophylactic use, growth promotion
- keep animals healthy
- avoid infections: biosecurity, hygiene
- when treatment is necessary, use optimal plan: correct diagnosis, correct treatment plan
- monitor use of ABs and antimicrobial resistance
