7-CARTILAGE

Question 1

o smooth-surfaced and resilient, providing a shock-absorbing and sliding area for joints and facilitates bone movements
o Essential for the development and prenatal and postnatal growth of long bones
o flexible and avascular
o nutrient is acquired through diffusion from adjacent tissue or from capillaries of the neighboring tissue

Answer 1

CARTILAGE

Question 2

CARTILAGE Consists of:

Answer 2

Chondrocytes
Extensive ECM

Question 3

Principal macromolecules present in all types of cartilage ECM:

Answer 3

o Collagen
o hyaluronic acid
o proteoglycans
o small amounts of several glycoproteins

Question 4

ECM is synthesize and secreted by

Answer 4

chondrocytes

Question 5

chondrocytes are located in matrix cavities called

Answer 5

LACUNAE

Question 6

provides nutrients to the cartilage

Answer 6

PERICHONDRIUM

Question 7

Firm gel-like consistency of cartilage depends on:

Answer 7

electrostatic bonds
binding of water

Question 8

the most common form of cartilage

Answer 8

HYALINE CARTILAGE,

Question 9

HYALINE CARTILAGE principal collagen type

Answer 9

type II collagen

Question 10

more pliable and distensible type of cartilage

Answer 10

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

Question 11

o ELASTIC CARTILAGE,

in addition to collagen type II, possess abundance of

Answer 11

elastic fibers

Question 12

present in regions of the body subjected to pulling forces

Answer 12

FIBROCARTILAGE

Question 13

FIBROCARTILAGE characterized by a matrix containing a dense network of

Answer 13

coarse type I collagen fibers

Question 14

Hyaline cartilage examples of localization

Answer 14

cartilages in nose
articular cartilage of a joint
costal cartilage
meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint)
Respiratory tract cartilages in the lungs, trachea and larynx

Question 15

Fibrocartilage examples of localization

Answer 15

pubic symphysis
insertion of tendons
triangular fibrocartilage complex (wrist joint)
cartilage of intervertebral disc
articular discs (sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints)
menisci (knee joint)

Question 16

Elastic cartilage examples of localization

Answer 16

Epiglottis
Pinna of external ear
acoustic meatus
auditory (Eustachian) tube
cartilages of larynx (epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform cartilages)

Question 17

is a sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage in most places

Answer 17

perichondrium

Question 18

All three forms of cartilage are

Answer 18

avascular

Question 19

harbors the vascular supply for the avascular cartilage and also contains nerves and lymphatic vessels

Answer 19

perichondrium

Question 20

covers the surfaces of the bones in movable joints

Answer 20

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

Question 21

devoid of perichondrium

Answer 21

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

Question 22

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE is sustained by the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the

Answer 22

synovial fluid

Question 23

o precursors of the bone that develops through endochondral ossification
o bluish white and usually translucent
o glassy translucent appearance

Answer 23

HYALINE CARTILAGE

Question 24

HYALINE CARTILAGE Located in:

Answer 24

o articular surfaces of the movable joints
o walls of larger respiratory passages
o ventral ends of ribs
o epiphyseal plate

Question 25

In routine histology preparations, the collagen is indiscernible for two reasons:

Answer 25

- collagen is in the form of fibrils which have submicroscopic dimensions - refractive index of the fibrils is almost the same as that of the surrounding substances

Question 26

hyaline cartilage o contains primarily

Answer 26

type II collagen

Question 27

help anchor chondrocytes in the matrix

Answer 27

multiadhesive glycoprotein-

Question 28

what are the multiadhesive glycoproteins in cartilage

Answer 28

anchorin II, fibronectin, tenascin

Question 29

proteoglycans in cartilage contain:

Answer 29

- CHONDROITIN 4-SULFATE - CHONDROITIN 6-SULFATE - KERATAN SULFATE

Question 30

proteoglycans resemble

Answer 30

bottle brushes

Question 31

parts of proteoglycans

Answer 31

stem bristles

Question 32

bristles of proteoglycans are made of

Answer 32

radiating GAG chains

Question 33

stem of proteoglycans are made of

Answer 33

protein core

Question 34

proteoglycan monomer:

Answer 34

AGRECAN

Question 35

many proteoglycans attached to hyaluronic acid

Answer 35

proteoglycan aggregates

Question 36

macromolecule that binds specifically to GAGs, collagen type II and integrins, mediating the adherence of chondrocytes to the ECM

Answer 36

CHONDRONECTIN-

Question 37

cells of cartilage

Answer 37

Chondrocytes

Question 38

chondrocytes respire under

Answer 38

low oxygen tension

Question 39

Synthesis of sulfated GAGs is accelerated by

Answer 39

GROWTH HORMONE, THYROXINE, AND TESTOSTERONE

Question 40

Synthesis of sulfated GAGs is slowed by

Answer 40

by CORTISONE, HYDROCORTISONE, AND ESTRADIOL

Question 41

Cartilage growth depends mainly on the pituitary- derived growth hormone:

Answer 41

SOMATOTROPIN

Question 42

SOMATOTROPIN - promotes the endocrine release in the liver of

Answer 42

insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), somatomedin

Question 43

are round chondrocytes and appear in groups of up to eight cells originating from mitotic divisions of a single

Answer 43

ISOGENOUS AGGREGATES

Question 44

layer of dense connective tissue that covers all hyaline cartilage except the articular cartilage of joints

Answer 44

Perichondrium

Question 45

Perichondrium consists largely of __________ s and contains numerous _______---

Answer 45

collagen type I fiber fibroblasts

Question 46

ELASTIC CARTILAGE color

Answer 46

yellowish

Question 47

ELASTIC CARTILAGE Contains

Answer 47

collagen type II fibrils

Question 48

ECM of what cartilage does not calcify?

Answer 48

elastic cartilage

Question 49

ELASTIC CARTILAGE are found in?

Answer 49

o auricle of the ear o walls of the external auditory canals o auditory (eustachian) tubes o epiglottis o cuneiform cartilage in the larynx

Question 50

FIBROCARTILAGE components:

Answer 50

combination of hyalin cartilage + dense connective tissue

Question 51

FIBROCARTILAGE chondrocyte formation

Answer 51

singly or in isogenous aggregates, usually arranged axially, in long rows separated by coarse collagen type I fibers

Question 52

Fibrocartilage are Found in:

Answer 52

o intervertebral disks o In attachments of certain ligaments o in the pubic symphysis

Question 53

o Intervertebral disks are composed of fibrocartilage o two major histological components of each disk:

Answer 53

PERIPHERAL ANNULUS FIBROSUS CENTRAL NUCLEUS PULPOSUS

Question 54

histological components of Intervertebral disks that is rich in bundles of type I collagen

Answer 54

PERIPHERAL ANNULUS FIBROSUS

Question 55

histological components of Intervertebral disks that has a gel-like matrix rich in hyaluronic acid

Answer 55

CENTRAL NUCLEUS PULPOSUS

Question 56

presence of perichondrium in HC, EC, and FC

Answer 56

HC- YES (except for articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate) EC- YES FC- NO

Question 57

calcification of HC, EC, and FC

Answer 57

HC- YES EC- NO FC- YES

Question 58

main cell type in HC, EC, and FC

Answer 58

HC- CHONDROBLASTS AND CHONDROCYTES EC- CHONDROBLASTS AND CHONDROCYTES FC- CHONDROCYTES AND FIBROBLASTS

Question 59

characteristic features of ECM in HC, EC, and FC

Answer 59

HC- TYPE II COLLAGEN AND FIBRILS AND AGGRECAN EC- TYPE II COLLAGEN, FIBRILS, ELASTIC FIBERS, AGGRECAN FC- TYPE I AND II COLLAGEN FIBERS AND VERSICAN

Question 60

Hyaline cartilage calcification example

Answer 60

endochondral bone formation, during aging process

Question 61

Fibrocartilage calcification example

Answer 61

calcification of fibrocartilaginous calus during bone repair

Question 62

the most important proteoglycan

Answer 62

aggrecan

Question 63

a proteoglycan secreted by fibroblasts

Answer 63

versican

Question 64

All cartilage derives from the embryonic mesenchyme in the process of

Answer 64

chondrogenesis

Question 65

resulting from the mitotic division of preexisting chondrocytes - occurs in the epiphyseal plates of long bones and within articular cartilage - important in increasing the length of long bone

Answer 65

INTERSTITIAL GROWTH

Question 66

resulting from the differentiation of perichondrial cells - more important postnatally - During postnatal (childbirth), the appositional growth is more important than the interstitial growth.

Answer 66

APPOSITIONAL GROWTH