7. Cell Energy Extraction Flashcards
High energy electron
scattered sufficiently strongly by only one or two layers of atoms to allow diffraction spots to be observed from ordered surface layers which are only a few nm in extent, laterally
Reduction
the addition of hydrogen to the substance or the removal of oxygen from the substance
Allosteric regulation
process for modulating the activity of a protein by the binding of a ligand, called an effector
Three catabolic processes harvest the energy in the chemical bonds of glucose
- Glycolysis
- Cellular Respiration
- Fermentation
Glycolysis
- It begins glucose catabolism
- It converts glucose to two pyruvate and a small amount of energy
- It does not require O2 (an anaerobic process)
Cellular Respiration
- It uses O2 from the environement (an aerobic process)
- It converts 1 pyruvate into 3 CO2.
- It includes pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle and an electron transport chain
Fermentation
- It does not involved O2.
- It converts pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol (energy rich molecules).
- It releases much less energy compared to cellular respiration
Aerobic conditions
Four pathways operate:
-Glycolysis
-Pyruvate oxidation
-The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, the tricarboxylic acid cycle),
-Electron transport/ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation
Anaerobic conditions
Two pathwyas operate:
-Glycolysis
-Fermentation
Glycolysis (3 stages)
-Energy consuming phase which require ATP
-Cleavage phase
-Energy-releasing phase that produce ATP and NADH
Cellular respiration includes
- pyruvate oxidation,
- the citric acid cycle
- the electron transport chain/ATP synthesis
Oxidative phosphorylation (2 steps)
- Electron transport
- Chemiosmosis
Electron transport
electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the respiratory chain and create a proton concentration gradient
Chemiosmosis
The protons diffuse back to the mitochondrial matrix and ATP is synthesized
Allosterically regulated
The activity of the enzyme phosphofructokinase
