7. Colic Flashcards
1
Q
T/F: Colic is a disease also known as abdominal pain
A
F. not a disease, rather a symptom
2
Q
what causes the death of bacteria that leads to endotoxemia?
A
High amount of CHO ingestion
3
Q
horse inactivity may cause ____ leading to ____
A
motility problems, colic
4
Q
how is pregnancy a predisposing factor of colic?
A
possible: a. uterine torsion, b. excessive stool in uterus
5
Q
T/F: Stress is a predisposing factor of Colic
A
T. especially stress due to transportation
6
Q
A specific disease associated with the use of NSAIDs, specifically phenylbutazone
A
Right dorsal colitis (RDC)
7
Q
a disease characterized by ischemic infarctions of the bowel
A
verminous arteritis
8
Q
2 approaches to colic:
A
- management
- surgery
9
Q
a type of colic caused when a fatty tumor gets wrapped around a portion of the small intestine
A
Strangulating lipoma
10
Q
T/F: Strangulating lipoma is usually seen on foals
A
F. the tumors take years to develop, thus it is more likely to be found on horses 14 y/o and above
11
Q
this happens when there is failure to evacuate sufficient quantities of meconium
A
Meconium impaction
12
Q
the first feces passed by the newborn foal
A
Meconium
13
Q
what impaction causes foals to die suddenly
A
Ascarid impaction
14
Q
large horses are predisposed to this type of colic
A
nephrosplenic entrapment (left dorsal displacement)
15
Q
miniature horses are predisposed to this type of colic
A
Small colon impaction
16
Q
Related to feed impactions
A
Feed and Water
17
Q
Most horses stop eating during ____ colic
A
acute
18
Q
in ___ colic, there is an intermittent eating pattern
A
chronic
19
Q
What happens to the body temperature of horses during severe colic?
A
becomes elevated
20
Q
____ affects degree of pain
A
Heart rate
21
Q
normal HR of Thoroughbreds
A
20-40 bpm
22
Q
HR during mild colic
A
50-60 bpm
23
Q
HR during moderate colic
A
70-80 bpm
24
Q
HR during severe colic
A
higher than 80 bpm
25
T/F: intermittent pawing is a behavioral sign of colic
T
26
2 very common signs of colic
pawing, rolling
27
T/F: horses with fever or signs of depression rather than overt pain will have a disorder requiring surgical rather than medical therapy
F. ...requiring medical rather than surgical therapy
28
T/F: Pulse rate is indirectly proportional to lesion and prognosis
F. the higher the pulse rate, the worse the lesion and prognosis
29
T/F: pulse rate is an indicator of severity, and is very helpful in making diagnosis
F. not usually helpful in making a diagnosis
30
Heart rate is related to: (3 answers)
a. pain
b. vascular volume
c. cardiovascular response to endotoxemia
31
T/F. RR is always elevated with abdominal pain
T
32
T/F: Elevated RR may cause respiratory alkalosis
F. respiratory acidosis
33
Greater than 3 seconds CRT may mean that the ____ is compromised
cardiovascular
34
T/F: A brick red color of the mucus membrane is normal
F. Pink is normal; Brick red = endotoxemia
35
T/F: drugs like atropine, xylazine, butorphanol, and detomidine enhance the sound created during auscultation
F. reduces the sound
36
noise that indicates abnormal bowel motility
Borborygmi
37
Borborygmi sounds are stronger on what sides of the colon? (2 answers)
a. left dorsal
b. left ventral
38
the left flank creates sounds similar to
crumpling of paper
39
the right area of the horse creates a sound similar to
dripping water
40
An increased sound during auscultation indicates that there is a possible ____
inflammation
41
A decreased sound during auscultation indicates that there is a possible ____
feed impaction
42
Performed during auscultation to find pockets of gas
percussion
43
Percussion can detect ____ on the right side
cecal tympany
44
Percussion can detect ____ on the left side
large colon distention or displacement
45
indicated for most if not all cases of colic
Nasogastric Intubation
46
T/F: Nasogastric Intubation should be immediately done if the pulse is greater than 40
F. greater than 60
47
nasogastric intubation is usually done if there is ___ obstruction
cranial: stomach or upper small intestines
48
normal color of stomach/ SI contents
green
49
normal pH of stomach/ SI contents
3-6
50
Large acidic volumes collected during Nasogastric intubation may indicate ___ or _____
pyloric or duodenal blockage
51
yellow-brown color with fetid odor and pH 6-8 contents collected during nasogastric intubation may indicate ____
small intestinal blockage
52
Considered the most helpful diagnostic procedure and aid in determining the diagnosis and need for surgery
Rectal examination
53
Gauge of needle usually used in abdominal paracentesis
18 G
54
site of abdominal paracentesis
ventral midline
55
T/F: It is very important to perform rectal palpation right after abdominal paracentesis
F. must be done BEFORE (Rectal palpation FIRST!)
56
normal color and nature of peritoneal fluid
clear, straw colored, serous, and does not coagulate
57
What is the normal range for peritoneal fluid total protein?
less than 2.5 g/dL
58
what is the normal value of cells in peritoneal fluid?
less than 5,000 nucleated cells/ml
59
a peritoneal fluid that is orange to serosanguineous
ischemic bowel with leakage through capillaries
60
large volumes of dark brown or green fluid, feed, mineral oil, sand collected during abdominal paracentesis may indicate ____
rupture
61
a cloudy and opaque fluid collected during abdominal paracentesis indicates
large numbers of WBC
62
A greater than 10 mg/dL fibrinogen protein collected from abdominal paracentesis may indicate
acute inflammation
63
presence of bacteria on the peritoneal fluid collected during abdominal paracentesis indicates
poor prognosis
64
the peritoneal fluid can increase in volume and protein content due to lymphatic or venous obstruction
Displaced or strangulated bowel
65
increase in WBC and protein content without an increase in rbc/Hb.
Iatrogenic, abdominal abscesses or thromboembolism
66
increased WBCs, protein and fecal material.
Ruptured bowel
67
red cells and hemoglobin are present in the fluid due to vascular occlusion
Necrotic bowel
68
No changes in peritoneal fluid
Obstruction of bowel without vascular strangulation or necrosis
69
increased numbers of RBCs plus increased WBC count of the fluid.
Strangulation
70
Helps determine dehydration, sepsis, infection, electrolyte imbalances
Hematology and Blood Chemistry
71
T/F: Hematology and Blood Chemistry alone is enough to have a diagnosis and prognosis
F. not definitive
72
T/F: Ultrasonography in horses in not routinely done
T
73
Ultrasonography in horses can be done in two ways:
a. rectum/ transrectal
b. external
74
This procedure can be used to locate blockages, gas, enteroliths, sand, etc.
radiography
75
T/F: Radiography is best for use in thoroughbreds and other large horses
F. best for use in foals and other small horses
76
Procedure that is best for diagnosing gastric ulcers
Endoscopy
77
this decompression technique stimulates intestinal motility
"trailer-ride" cure
78
considered the safest, non-hallucinogenic NSAID used for the Tx of colic
Flunixin
79
An Opioid agonist used for the Tx of Colic that is considered hallucinogenic
Butorphanol
80
3 opioid agonists:
1. Oxymorphone
2. Meperidine
3. Butorphanol
81
3 NSAIDs:
1. phenylbutazone (Bute)
2. Flunixin
3. Metamizole (dipyrone)
82
A common but expensive alpha2 agonist
Xylazine
83
2 Alpha2 agonists
Xylazine, Detomidine
84
2 sedatives:
1. Chloral hydrate
2. Barbiturates
85
A spasmolytic that can cause colic due to ileus
Atropine
86
A spasmolytic that can relax the bowel wall
Scopolamine
87
to maintain body water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and osmolarity within physiologically tolerable limits
Fluid therapy
88
Change the consistency of ingest and help evacuate intestine
Lubricants and Cathartics
89
T/F: Fluid therapy can increase intraluminal water content
T
90
fluid therapy is best administered via
indwelling catheter
91
should be considered the first step in fluid replacement
Use of crystalloids or colloids
92
should be considered the first step in fluid replacement
Use of crystalloids or colloids
93
Most common consequence due to the increased permeability of injured GI mucosa to bacterial endotoxins
Anti-Endotoxemia
94
Anti-Endotoxemia can lead to: (2 answers)
1. laminitis
2. pulmonary damage
95
alkaline yellow fluid greater than 4 liters
gastric reflux
96
distended small intestine, distended and displaced large colon, distention which cannot be medically treated, palpable foreign body
rectal exam
