7- COMMON UNETHICAL PRACTICES OF BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS

Question 1

The most common of these unethical
practices of business establishments ______ and _____.

Answer 1

misrepresentation and over-persuasion.

Question 2

Misrepresentation may be classified into two types:

Answer 2

1. direct misrepresentation and
2. indirect misrepresentation.

Question 3

_____ is characterized by actively misrepresenting about the product or customers.

Answer 3

Direct Misrepresentation

Question 4

All unethical practices under Direct Misrepresentation

Question 5

______ takes many forms and is of many types. One type is the practice of placing the product in containers of exaggerated sizes and misleading shapes to give a false impression of its actual contents.

Answer 5

Deceptive Packaging

Question 6

An example of this type of deceptive packaging is slack-fill packaging where ____

Answer 6

containers like cartons, tin cans and certain plastics are filled only up to eighty-five to ninety-five percent of their capacity

Question 7

_____ is the practice of making false statements on the label of a product or making its container similar to a well-known product for the purpose of deceiving the customer as to the quality and/or quantity of a product being sold.

Answer 7

Misbranding or Mislabeling

Question 8

Advertising serves a useful purpose if it conveys the right information. It is the principal means by which people are informed about the availability, nature and uses of old and new products.

Answer 8

False or Misleading Advertising.

Question 9

T or F?

Advertising does not always tell the “whole truth and nothing but the truth” if it greatly exaggerates the virtues of a product and tells only half of the truth or else sings praises to its nonexistent virtues.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

If advertising does not provide a useful service anymore to the customers, it can become the ____ of misrepresentation.

Answer 10

agent

Question 12

Examples are:

Answer 12

a. Advertisements with pictures or statements that convey exaggerated impression of the product’s reliability or quality.
b. Advertisement that claims that the product is the “fastest selling brand” or the “product of the year”.
c. Advertisements using fictitious or obsolete testimonials.

Question 13

_____is the unethical practice of debasing a pure or genuine commodity by imitating or counterfeiting it, by adding something to increase its bulk or volume, or by substituting an inferior product for a superior one for the purpose of profit or gain.

Answer 13

Adulteration

Question 14

T or F?

Adulteration is unethical because an inferior product is passed off as a superior one. This does not meet the standard for fair service, that is achieving success by offering better service (in the form of a superior product and terms of payment) than the competitor

Answer 14

True

Question 15

In ______, the mechanism of the weighing scale is tampered with or something is unobtrusively attached to it so that the scale registers more than the actual weight. An example is a foot pedal with a concealed string tied to the weighing scale. The modus operandi of sellers is to use two sets of scales one which gives the correct weight and has been sealed by the authorities and another which looks identical but registers more weight than the product.

Answer 15

Weight understatement or Short weighing

Question 16

Short weighing is practiced in?

Answer 16

selling products where prices depend on the weight such as sugar, meat, fish, vegetables, fruits. nails. etc.

Question 17

In _______, the measuring stick or standard is shorter than the real length or smaller in volume than the standard. This unethical practice is found in selling situations where the price of the product depends on its length such as selling cloth or textiles, electric cords or wires or on its volume such as selling rice by the sack.

Answer 17

Measurement understatement or Short measurement

Question 18

Measurement understatement practice is found in selling situations where the

Answer 18

price of the product depends on its length such as selling cloth or textiles, electric cords or wires or on its volume such as selling rice by the sack.

Question 19

T or F?

Measurement understatement is found in the price of the product depends on its length

Answer 19

True

Question 20

In this unethical practice, the seller gives the customer less than the number asked for or paid for.

Answer 20

Quantity understatement or Short numbering.

Question 21

______ is often practiced in selling situations where the produci being sold is in such a shape or is packed in a manner that would make counting the product difficult or inconvenient. For example, a customer who is not vigilant may receive less quantity than what he is entitled to when buying toilet paper, bond paper, carbon paper, paper clips, thumb tacks, matches and toothpicks which are sold by the box or package.

Answer 21

Short numbering

Question 22

______is characterized by omitting adverse or unfavorable information about the product or service.

Answer 22

Indirect Misrepresentation

Question 23

Among the most common practices involving indirect misrepresentations are?

Answer 23

1. caveat emptor
2. deliberate withholding of information and
3. business ignorance.

Question 24

______ is a practice very common among salesmen. Translated, caveat emptor means “let the buyer beware”

Answer 24

Caveat emptor

Question 25

T or F? Under the concept of Caveat emptor the seller is not obligated to reveal any defect in the product or service he is selling. It is responsibility of the customer to determine for himself the defects of the product.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Caveat emptor is indirect misrepresentation and unethical because a seller is a witness for the goods he is selling. He testifies to its nature, features, uses and qualities. As a witness, it is his obligation to "tell the truth and nothing but the truth" about his product. What makes caveat emptor unethical is the willingness of the seller to generate profit by taking advantage of the buyer's lack of information. This is passive deception which is also lying.

Question 27

Following the argument that caveat emptor is unethical, the deliberate withholding of significant information in a business transaction, is also unethical. No business transaction is fair where one of the parties does not exactly know what he is giving away or receiving in return.

Answer 27

Deliberate Withholding of Information.

Question 28

Direct misrepresentation gives business a bad name while indirect misrepresentation or passive deception is not as obvious, it nonetheless contributes to the impression that businessmen are liars and are out to make a fast buck. Business ignorance is passive deception because the businessman is unable to provide the customer with the complete information that the latter needs to make a fair decision:

Answer 28

Passive deception.

Question 29

Persuasion is the process of appealing to the emotions of a prospective customer and urging him to buy an item of merchandise he needs. Persuasion is legitimate and necessary in the selling of goods if it is done in the interest of a buyer such as persuading him to get a hospitalization insurance policy. However, persuasion used for the sole benefit of selling a product without considering the interest of the buyer is not ethical.

Answer 29

Over-Persuasion

Question 30

The common instances of over-persuasion include the following examples:

Answer 30

1. Urging customer to satisfy a low priority need for merchandise. 2. Playing upon intense emotional agitation to convince a person to buy 3. Convincing a person to buy what he does not need just because he has the capacity or money to do so.

Question 31

CORPORATE ETHICS Unethical Practices of Corporate Management Practices of corporate management that involve ethical considerations may be classified into two: 1. 2. In many cases, the practices may apply to both categories of corporate management and the only dividing line is in the financial magnitude and implications of a particular corporate management practice.

Answer 31

1. practices of the Board of Directors and 2. practices of executive officers.

Question 32

Some Unethical Practices of the Board of Directors

Answer 32

1. Plain Graft 2. Interlocking Directorship 3. Negligence of Duty 4. Insider Trading

Question 33

Some of the Board of Directors help themselves to the earnings that otherwise would go other stockholders. This is done by voting for themselves and the executive officers huge per diems, large salaries, big bonuses that do not commensurate to the value of their services. They can also reduce the eamings going to the other shareholders by authorizing purchases of goods and services for the company's use at a price higher than normal, in consideration of a certain percentage of the purchase value or commission accruing to them.

Answer 33

Plain Graft

Question 34

Interlocking Directorship ____ is often practiced by a person who holds directorial positions in two or more corporation that do business with each other. This practice may involve conflict of interest and can result to disloyal selling. Disloyal selling happens when this person is compelled to decide which of the two corporation's interest should be protected or upheld. Thus, whatever decisions the person makes, he betrays the trust reposed on him by the shareholders of either of the two companies.

Answer 34

Interlocking directorship

Question 35

____ happens when this person is compelled to decide which of the two corporation's interest should be protected or upheld. Thus, whatever decisions the person makes, he betrays the trust reposed on him by the shareholders of either of the two companies.

Answer 35

Disloyal selling

Question 36

A more common failure of the members of the Board of Directors than breach of trust is neglect of duties when they fail to attend board meetings regularly. It is only in regular attendance that they can protect the rights and interests of the shareholders and their non-attendance of board meetings could result to betrayal of trust of the parties who elected them to their positions.

Answer 36

Negligence of Duty

Question 37

_____ involves trading in a public company's stock by someone who has non-public material information about that stock for any reason. Insider trading can be either illegal or legal depending on when the insider makes the trade. It is illegal when the material information is still non-public, and this sort of insider trading comes with harsh consequences

Answer 37

Insider trading

Question 38

____ non-public information is any information that could substantially impact on investor's decision to buy or sell the security that has not been made available to the public.

Answer 38

Material

Question 39

When does legal insider happens? The SEC has rules to protect investments from the effects of insider trading. It does not matter how the material non-public information was received or if the person is employed by the company. For example, suppose someone learns about non-public material information from a family member and shares it with a friend. If the friend uses this insider information to profit in the stock market, then all three of the people involved could be prosecuted,

Answer 39

Legal insider trading happens when directors of the company purchase or sell shares, but they disclose their transactions legally.

Question 40

T or F? The SEC has rules to protect investments from the effects of insider trading. It does not matter how the material non-public information was received or if the person is employed by the company. For example, suppose someone learns about non-public material information from a family member and shares it with a friend. If the friend uses this insider information to profit in the stock market, then all three of the people involved could be prosecuted,

Answer 40

T

Question 41

Some Unethical Practices of Executive Officers and Lower Level Managers Unethical practices that are more common to _____ and _____

Answer 41

executive officers and lower level managers

Question 42

Some Unethical Practices of Executive Officers and Lower Level Managers — The President or a Vice President reports his personal vacation in Europe or in the United States as a business trip so he can get reimbursement for his expenses including those of his family's.

Answer 42

Claiming a vacation trip to be a business trip.

Question 43

Executive officers and lower managers ask company employees to do personal things for them on company time such as having the company janitors water and mow their lawns, having the maintenance men do house or appliance repairs for them, and having subordinate employees secure a license or type letters pertaining to their other businesses.

Answer 43

Having employees do work unrelated to the business.

Question 44

Managers do not provide adequate controls to remove temptation and to prevent or discourage employees from engaging in unethical practices. A manager has the moral obligation to provide the proper control atmosphere so that his subordinates will not be tempted to commit dishonest acts. A manager indirectl betrays the trust placed on him by higher executive officers if the administrative and accounting controls in his office are so weak or effective that employees are given the opportunity to misappropriate funds or engage in petty thievery.

Answer 44

Loose or ineffective controls.

Question 45

The labor code lists the following as unfair labor practices committed by an employer on employees or a group of employees who have organized themsclves into a union. a. To interfère with, restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their right to self-organization; b. To require as a condition of employment that a person or an employee shall not join a labor organization or shall withdraw from one to Which he belongs; c. To contract out services or functions being performed by union members when such will interfere with, restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their rights to self organization; d. To initiate, dominate, assist or otherwise in with the formation or administration of any labor organization, including the giving of financial or other support to it; e. To discriminate with regard to wages, hours of work, and other terms or conditions of employment in order to encourage or discourage membership in any labor organization. f. To dismiss, discharge, or otherwise prejudice or discriminate, against an employce for having given or being about to give testimony under the Labor Code; g. To violate the duty to bargain collectively a prescribed by the Labor Code; h. To pay negotiation or attorneys fees to the union or its officers or agents as part of the settlement of any issue in collective bargaining or any other dispute; i. To violate or refuse to comply with voluntary arbitration awards or decisions relating to the implementation or interpretation of a collective bar gaining agreement; j. To violate a collective bargaining agreement.

Answer 45

Unfair labor practices

Question 46

Making false claims about losses to free themselves from paying the compensation and benefits provided by law.

Answer 46

There are employers who claim non-existent losses so they can be exempted from paying the minimum wage and emergency-cost-of-living allowances required by law.

Question 47

Making employees sign documents showing that they are receiving fully what they are ented to under the law when in face they are only receiving a fraction of what they are supposed to gel.

Question 48

Sexual Harassment

Answer 48

Work, education or training-related harassment is committed by an supervisor, agent of the employer, teacher, instructor, professor, coach, trainer or any other person who, having authority, influence or moral ascendency over another in a work or training or education environment, demands, requests or otherwise requires sexual favor from the other, regardless of whether the demand, request or requirement for submission is accepted or not by the object.

Question 49

Some Unethical Practices of Employees

Answer 49

1. Conflicts of Interest 2. Dishonesty

Question 50

A ____ arises when an employee who is duty bound to protect and promote the interests of his employer violates this obligation by getting himself into a situation where his decision or actuation is influenced by what he can gain personally from it rather than what his employer can gain from it

Answer 50

conflict of interest

Question 51

Some common examples of conflicts of are:

Answer 51

a. An employee who holds a significant interest or shares of stock of a competitor, supplier, customer or dealer favors this party to the prejudice of his employer. b. The employee accepts cash, a gift or a lavish entertainment or a loan from a supplier, customer, competitor or contractor. In this situation, the decision or action of the employee is influenced by his being indebted for a favor or loan from a party with whom the company is doing business. He, therefore, cannot act impartially. C. The employee uses or discloses confidential company information for his or someone else's personal gain. An example is revealing his employer's formula or menu for a well-liked food to a competitor. d. The employee engages in the same type of business as his employer. He may attend to his business only after office hours because he has somebody to mind it for him but it is still unethical. An example is an auditor employed full-time in a public accounting firm but maintains his own auditing office where he works after office hours, c. The employee uses for his own benefit a business opportunity in which his employer has or might be expected to have an interest.

Question 53

____? Business ethics is not just limited to business transactions with outside parties. It also covers employce-employer relationship, especially with respect to an employee's honesty as he carries out his assigned duties in the office.

Answer 53

Dishonesty

Question 54

Examples of dishonest acts of employees are:

Answer 54

a. Taking office supplies home for personal use. b. Padding an expense account through the use of fake receipts when claiming reimbursements. c. Taking credit for another employee's idea