7 - Diet Analysis Flashcards
What are anthropometric measurements?
Measurements or estimates of physical aspects of the body
E.g., height, weight, body composition
Distribution of fat, lean mass and minerals in body
Skinfold thickness, waist/hip circumference/ratio, body density, underwater weighting, bone density
BMI
How can anthropometric measurements be compared?
Measurements can be compared to standards specific for age and gender or previous measurements of the same individual
What is the ‘normal’ range of BMI?
18.5 - 24.9 kg m^-2
How is BMI calculated?
BMI = weight/height^2 in kg m^-2
What is the ‘obese’ range of BMI?
> 30 kg m^-2
What are the disadvantages and advantages of anthropometric measurements?
Disadvantages - certain conditions, genetics and physical activity may affect these values and is not linked to nutrition
Advantages - easy to do and can be compared to available standards
What are biochemical measurements and their disadvantages?
Laboratory analysis of biological samples like blood or urine for biomarkers e.g. specific nutrient
Disadvantages - can be affected by time of day, age, gender, activity patterns, drugs
What does a clinical assessment contain and what are its disadvantages?
Medical history e.g. weight gain/loss, surgeries, medication, previous disease
Unusual symptoms e.g. lack of energy, loss of appetite
Disadvantages - most are not obvious until they become severe
What is does a dietary assessment contain?
Retrospective methods - through recall and questionnaires
Prospective - diet records. Considered one of the most accurate method for dietary assessment
What are the levels of physical activity (PA)?
Sedentary (typical daily living activities (DA))
Low active (DA + 30-60 min moderate activity)
Active (DA + >= 60 min moderate activity)
Very active (DA + >= 60 min moderate + 60 min vigorous or 120 min moderate activity)
What does estimated energy requirement depend on?
Age, sex, physical activity (PA), weight, and height
and growth or life stages e.g. infants, children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women
What affects energy required to perform physical activity (PA)?
Weight and height
What is a Calorie?
Calorie is unit to measure the heat energy produced by food
Calorie = kcal = kilocalorie (note capital ‘C’)
1 Calorie = 4.2 kJ = energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from 15° to 16° C
Measured using bomb calorimeter
What are the caloric values of the 3 energy nutrients and alcohol?
Carbohydrate - 4 kcal/g
Protein - 4 kcal/g
Fat - 9 kcal/g
Alcohol - 7 kcal/g
What happens when energy intake is lower/equal/higher compared to EER?
Weight loss/balance/gain
