7. Memory Flashcards
What is encoding?
Transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system
Process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store
What is selective attention and what is it used for?
In order for encoding to take place, we need to focus our attention. Selective attention is a tool that allows us to eliminate interference from the relevant information
What is storage?
Retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time
What is consolidation and what is it used for?
Consolidation needs to take place in order for storage to take place. Consolidation involves a physiological change that requires the synthesis of molecules.
What is retrieval?
Recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it
Process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store
In which processes can memory failure occur?
Either encoding, storage and/or decoding
Explain the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory
Three memory stores that differ in function, capacity and duration (sensory memory, working/short-term memory and long-term memory)
What is sensory memory? What is its capacity (visual; auditory)?
Temporary storage for sensory information; capacity is large;
Duration:
o Visual: - 0.1 seconds
o Auditory: 2 seconds
How is information lost in sensory memory?
Information lost through: decay, displacement
What is working or short-term memory? What is its capacity?
AKA short-term memory
Brief storage for information currently being used; Capacity: about 7 items (range 5-9); duration : less than 30 seconds without rehearsal
How is information lost in working memory?
information lost through: decay, displacement, interference; when filled to capacity displacement can occur
What is working memory?
Short-term memory has been suggested to be one component of a broader system of temporary storage structures—known as working memory
Working memory: The memory subsystem with which you work on info to understand it, remember it, or use it to solve a problem or to communicate with someone. (mental workspace that holds incoming info from sensory memory or retrieved from LTM in order to perform some conscious cognitive activity).
What is long-term memory and what is its capacity?
Permanent or relatively permanent storage; capacity: unlimited; duration: from minutes to a lifetime
How is information lost in long-term memory?
Info lost through: encoding failure, consolidation failure, interference, motivated forgetting, retrieval failure
What is the function of sensory memory?
Process for basic physical characteristics
What is the capacity of sensory memory?
Large; can hold many items at once
What is the duration of sensory memory?
Very brief retention of images
o 0.3 seconds for visual info
o 2 seconds for auditory info
Auditory sensory memory may last a bit longer than visual sensory memories
What are the 2 types of sensory memory?
- Iconic memory: visual information (visual sensory memory); brief memory of an image or icon
- Echoic memory: auditory information (auditory sensory memory); brief memory of a sound or echo
What important element is needed to transfer information from the sensory memory to the working memory?
Attention
Who did a study on sensory memory and what were the results?
Sperling
Sperling demonstrated that sensory memory holds more information than participants are able to report completely because the visual afterimage fades so quickly. Sperling proved that people could retain 12 items in sensory memory but only long enough to report 4 items in the designated row
What is the function of working memory?
Conscious processing of information
o Codes information in acoustic form
o Can hold visual images
o Where information is actively worked on
o Can store information in semantic form (meaning)
What is the capacity of working memory?
Limited (holds 7 +/- items)
What is the duration of working memory?
Brief storage (about 30 seconds)
What is displacement?
When STM is filled to capacity displacement can occur, that is, each incoming item pushes out an existing item which is then forgotten.
How can you overcome the limitation of the working memory of 7+/- 2 items?
by using techniques such as chunking
How can you overcome the duration of the working memory of 30 seconds?
we repeat them to retain (i.e. maintenance rehearsal)
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds
What is chunking?
Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information
Expands working memory load
E.g. which is easier to remember? 4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6 or 483 792 516
What is shallow processing and is it effective to build new memory?
Encoding based on superficial features like sounds of word. Leads to little memory.
What is deeper processing and is it effective to build new memory? Name a strategy of deeper processing
Encoding based on the meaning of information. Leads to great memory.
Strategies include elaboration: elaboration relating new information to information already in LTM
What is the function of long-term memory?
organizes and stores information
More passive form of storage than working memory
What is the capacity of long-term memory?
Unlimited
What is the duration of long-term memory?
Thought by some to be permanent
What are the 2 main types of long-term memory?
- Explicit (declarative) memory
2. Implicit (non-declarative) memory
What is declarative memory?
Memory with awareness; information can be consciously recollected
- (“knowing what”); memory of facts and events, and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled (or “declared”). Sometimes called explicit memory, consists of information that is explicitly stored and retrieved.
- Stores facts, information and personal life events
What are the 2 types of declarative memory?
Episodic and semantic memory
What is non-declarative memory?
Memory without awareness; memory that affects behaviour but cannot consciously be recalled
- does not require conscious thought. Allows us to do things by rote; previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without explicit and conscious awareness per se
- Consists of motor skills, habits, simple classical conditioning responses
Influences your thoughts or behaviour, but does not enter consciousness
Memory that enables you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses
Examples: Riding a bike, Driving a car, Tying your own shoelace
What is episodic information?
Information about events or “episodes” that we have experienced personally
- Mental diary
- Is autobiographical; provides us with a crucial record of our personal experiences
E.g. first day at a new job, the first time you travelled alone
What is semantic information?
Information about facts, general knowledge, school work
- Mental dictionary or encyclopedia
- Not tied to personal events
- General facts and definitions about the world
- General knowledge about our world, how to do things
E.g. How many tires on a car? What is a cloud? What color is a banana?
- Does NOT depend on tying the item to your past