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Chemisty Paper 2 > 7 - Organic Chemisrty > Flashcards

7 - Organic Chemisrty Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What is a finite resource? (COH OC Ch)

A

if we continue using it then it will one day run out.

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2
Q

Where do we find Crude Oil? (COH OC Ch)

A

In rock

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3
Q

How is crude oil formed? (COH OC Ch)

A

Over millions of years the remains of sea creatures called plankton which were buried in the mud.

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4
Q

What is crude oil made of in terms of structure? (COH OC Ch)

A

a mixture of molecules called hydrocarbons

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5
Q

What is the molecular formula for methane? (COH OC Ch)

A

CH4
one carbon atom covalently bonded to four hydrocarbons

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6
Q

What are hydrocarbons? (COH OC Ch)

A

molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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7
Q

What are the alkanes? (COH OC Ch)

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane and butane

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8
Q

What do we call hydrocarbons like methane and ethane? (COH OC Ch)

A

alkanes

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9
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes? (COH OC Ch)

A

CnH2n+2

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10
Q

What type of molecules are alkanes and why? (COH OC Ch)

A

becuase the carbon atoms are fully bonded to hydrogen atoms

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11
Q

how many carbon atoms does propane have? (COH OC Ch)

A

3

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12
Q

How many carbon atoms does butane have? (COH OC Ch)

A

4

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13
Q

What does viscosity tell us? (COH OC Ch)

A

the thickness of a fluid.
A high viscosity means that the fluid flows slowly

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What happes to the viscocity as the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increase? (COH OC Ch)

A

as the size increases, the viscosity also does. Long chain hydrocarbons are extremely viscos

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16
Q

What does flammability tell us? (COH OC Ch)

A

how easily something combusts

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17
Q

What happens to the flammability of hydrocarbons as they increase in size? (COH OC Ch)

A

short chain hydrocarbons are extremely flammable. As the size increases the molecules are less flammable. Long chain hydrocarbons are very difficult to burn

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18
Q

What is the boiling point? (COH OC Ch)

A

the temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas.

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19
Q

What is happens to the boiling points of hydrocarbons as they increase in size? (COH OC Ch)

A

Short chain hydrocarbons have low boiling points. Very long chain hydrocarbons have very high boiling points.

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20
Q

What is released when hydrocarbon fuels are combusted? (CHC OC Ch)

A

release energy

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21
Q

What happens to hydrocarbons when they are combusting? (CHC OC Ch)

A

during combustion the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the fuel react with oxygen. The carbon and hydrogen are exidised. If the oxygen is unlimited, this reaction produces carbon dioxide and water which is called complete combustion.

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22
Q

What is the order in which you need to balance hydrocarbons? (CHC OC Ch)

A

Carbon, Hydrogen then Oxygen

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23
Q

What happens during fractional distillation? (FDHC OC Ch)

A

crude oil is separated into fractions, Fractions contain hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms

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24
Q

What is the process of fractional distillation? (FDHC OC Ch)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. crude oil is heated to a very high temperature which causes the crude oil to boil and all the hydrocarbons turn into gas.
  2. crude oil is fed into the fractional distillation column. This column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
  3. the hydrocarbon vapours now rise up the column. Hydrocarbons condense when they reach their boiling point
  4. the liquid fractions are then removed
  5. the remaining hydrocarbons are the removed and condense when they reach their boiling points
25
Where are long chain hydrocarbons removed from in fractional distillation? (FDHC OC Ch)
removed from the bottom of the culumn
26
where are small chain hydrocarbons removed from in fractional distillation? (FDHC OC Ch)
they dont condense so they are removed from the top as gases.
27
Where are the fractions from fractional distillation used for? (FDHC OC Ch)
petrol and diesel are used to fuel cars kerosene is used in jets fuel heavy fuel oil is used to power ships liquified petroleum gas is used in camping stoves feedstock fractions are used for solvents, lubricants, detergents, polymers
28
What does feedstock mean? (FDHC OC Ch)
a chemical that is used to make other chemicals
29
What type of bond is between carbon atoms in alkanes(C OC Ch)
a single covalent bond
30
Why do we sometimes need to converts long chain hydrocarbons into shorter chain hydrocarbons? (C OC Ch)
becuase there is a large demand for short chain hydrocarbons for fuel.
31
How do you convert long chain hydrocarbons to shorter chain hydrocarbons? (C OC Ch)
cracking
32
What are the two products of cracking? (C OC Ch)
a shorter chain alkane and an alkene
33
What are the conditions for catalytic cracking? (C OC Ch)
we use high temperature and a catalyst which is used to speed up the reaction
34
What are the two types of cracking? (C OC Ch)
- catalytic - steam
35
What are the conditions for steam cracking? (C OC Ch)
we use high temperature and steam
36
What are the alkenes? (C OC Ch)
ethene,
37
What type of onding between two carbon atoms are there in alkenes? (C OC Ch)
double covalent bonding
38
why are alkenes very important? (C OC Ch)
becuase they are used to make polymers and they are used as a staring material for other useful chemicals.
39
How reactive are alkenes compared to alkanes and why is this important? (C OC Ch)
alkenes are more reactive which allows us to test for alkenes
40
How do you test for alkenes? (C OC Ch)
1. we use bromine water which is orange. 2. when we mix our alkene with bromine water the bromine water turns colourless
41
What is the general formula for alkenes? (C OC Ch)
C*n*H*2n*
42
What is the general formula of alkenes (A OC Ch)
**C**(n)**H**(2n)
43
What are the numbers of carbon atoms in the alkenes? (A OC Ch)
Ethane 2 Propane 3 Butene 4 Pentene 5
44
Why are alkene molecules unsaturated? (A OC Ch)
Because alkenes have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms
45
What is the double bond in alkene molecules called? (RA OC Ch)
The alkene functional group. (Functional group means the part of a molecule that determines how it reacts). This means that alkenes are a homologous series.
46
What is a homologous series? (RA OC Ch)
When all the members of this series have the same functional group (alkenes have the carbon double bond)
47
What do we produce when we combust alkenes? (RA OC Ch)
Carbon dioxide and water and unburnt carbon particles. This makes it incomplete combustion. So alkenes burn in air with a smoky flame
48
What is hydrogenation? (RA OC Ch)
Reacting with hydrogen (alkenes)
49
What happens during the hydrogenation of an alkene? (RA OC Ch)
The carbon double bond is converted into a carbon to carbon single bond and the hydrogen added to the alkene adds across the former double bond. This creates an alkane
50
What is the name of alkenes reaction with water? (RA OC Ch)
Hydration
51
What happens during hydration (of an alkene molecule) (RA OC Ch)
The water must be steam and of the temperature of 300C and pressure of 70 atmospheres and phosphoric acid to speed it up The double bond of the carbon breaks and the HO joins one end of the former double bond and the leftover H adds to the other end
52
What happens when alkenes react with halogens? (RA OC Ch)
The double bond turns into single and the atoms add across the double bond
53
What is a specific fracture of the alcohols? (A OC Ch)
They have the same functional group so are a homologous series.
54
What is the alcohol functional group? (A OC Ch)
OH
55
What is the structure of methanol? (A OC Ch)
CH3OH
56
What is the structure of ethanol? (A OC Ch)
CH3CH2OH
57
What is the structure of propanol? (A OC Ch)
CH3CH2CH2OH
58
What is the structure of butanol (A OC Ch)
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

Chemisty Paper 2 (9 decks)

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