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Chemistry Paper 2 > 7-Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

7-Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound formed form carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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2
Q

What bonds do alkanes have

A

C-C single bonds

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3
Q

What r the first four alkanes

A

Methane,
Ethane,
Propane,
Butane

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4
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes

A

C H

n 2n+2

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5
Q

What does it mean that alkanes are saturated

A

Each carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds

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6
Q

What are the properties of shorter hydrocarbons

A

More runny- less viscous,
Lower boiling points,
The more flammable it is,

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7
Q

What is the equation for the complete combustion of any hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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8
Q

What is crude oil

A

A mixture of lots of different length hydrocarbons

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9
Q

How does fractional distillation work

A

The oil is heated up until it is a gas, it goes into the fractioning column. It is hotter at the bottom and colder at the top. The longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points and are condensed into liquids and drain out lower in the column. The shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points and condense nearer the top.
The crude oil is now separated into different fractions

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10
Q

What is a fraction

A

Separated during fractional distillation, it is a mixture of hydrocarbons that all have similar boiling points and a similar number of carbon atoms

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11
Q

What are the uses for oil

A

Provides the fuel for cars, trains, planes.
The petrochemical industry uses some hydrocarbons as a feedstock to make new compounds for things like: polymers, solvents, lubricants and detergents

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12
Q

What is cracking

A

Splitting up long-chain hydrocarbons to make shorter ones

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13
Q

What r the different methods of cracking

A

Catalyst cracking,

Steam cracking

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14
Q

How does catalyst cracking work

A

Heat the long hydrocarbons to vaporise them,
Pass the vapour over hot powdered aluminium oxide,
The long hydrocarbons are split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst

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15
Q

How does steam cracking work

A

The long hydrocarbons are heated up and vaporised.
Mix them with steam
Heat to a very high temperature

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16
Q

What is an alkene

A

A hydrocarbon which has a double bond between two carbons in its chain

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17
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes

A

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene

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18
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene

A

C H

n 2n

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19
Q

What is produced in complete combustion of alkenes

A

Water + Carbon dioxide

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20
Q

What is the equation for incomplete combustion of alkenes

A

Alkene+ oxygen—-> carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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21
Q

Why is there usually incomplete combustion of alkenes

A

Because there isn’t enough oxygen in air for complete combustion

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22
Q

What type of flame is produced in incomplete combustion

A

Smokey yellow flame

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23
Q

What is the addition of hydrogen to an alkene called

A

Hydrogenation

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24
Q

What is added to an alkene to make alcohol

A

Steam

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25
Q

What is an industrial method of producing ethanol

A

Mixing ethene with steam and then passing it over a catalyst

26
Q

What is a test for alkenes

A

Bromine is added to the compound, if it is an alkene the solution will turn from bright orange to colourless.

If it is a saturated compound, like an alkane, the solution will stay bright orange

27
Q

What is a polymer

A

A long chain of repeating monomers

28
Q

What is polymerisation

A

Monomers joining together

29
Q

What bonds do the monomers have in addition polymerisation

A

Double bonds which then split up to bond with the next monomer

30
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols

A

OH

31
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols

A

C H OH

n 2n+1

32
Q

What r the first four alcohols

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol

33
Q

What do all the names of the alcohols end in

A

ol

Eg. Ethanol

34
Q

How is the formula for an alcohol shown

A

Needs to show the OH functional group

eg. CH4O would be CH3OH

35
Q

What are the properties of alcohols

A

They are flammable,
Neutral pH,
Most are soluble in water

36
Q

What r the products for complete combustion of alcohols

A

Carbon dioxide and water

37
Q

What is produced when an alcohol reacts with oxygen

A

A carboxylic acid

38
Q

Why are alcohols like methanol and ethanol uses as solvents

A

They dissolve most things that water can, but they can also dissolve substances water can’t. eg. hydrocarbons, oils and fats

39
Q

Why are the first 4 alcohols used for fuels

A

They burn fairly cleanly and are non-smelly

40
Q

What is fermentation

A

An enzyme in yeast coverts sugars into ethanol

41
Q

What is the equation for fermentation

A

Sugar ——> ethanol + carbon dioxide

42
Q

What conditions does fermentation work best at

A

Around 37`C
Slightly acidic solution
Anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)

43
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

COOH

44
Q

What do all carboxylic acid names end in

A

anoic

eg.methanoic, ethanoic

45
Q

What are the names of the first four carboxylic acids

A

Methanoic acid,
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid

46
Q

When a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate what does the salt name end in

A

anoate

eg. Methanoic acid will produce methanoate

47
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak acids

A

Because they don’t fully ionise in water (not all the acid molecules release their H+)

48
Q

What is the the functional group of an Ester

A

COO

49
Q

What is the equation for an Ester

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid ——> Ester + water

In an acid catalyst like concentrated sulphuric acid

50
Q

What does condensation polymerisation involve

A

Monomers with different functional groups

51
Q

What is lost with each new bond in condensation polymerisation

A

A small molecule like water

52
Q

What do the boxes within formulas represent

A

The carbon chain

53
Q

What two functional groups are in amino acids

A 
Amino group (NH2)
Carboxyl group (COOH)
54
Q

What is an example of an amino acid

A

Glycine

55
Q

What can amino acids form via condensation polymerisation

A

Polymers known as polypeptides

56
Q

What are one or more long chains of polypeptides known as

A

Proteins

57
Q

What are the two polymer chains in DNA called

A

Nucleotides

58
Q

What are the four different bases in the nucleotides

A

A, T, G, C

59
Q

What are cross links

A

They pair up the bases from the two nucleotides and keep them together to give the double helix structure

60
Q

What larger polymers can sugars react together to make

A

Carbohydrate polymers

eg. Starch and cellulose

Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

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