7. REPORT WRITING Flashcards
What are the main design types in research?
Within-subjects and between-subjects designs.
What are the two types of hypotheses to consider?
Relationship and difference hypotheses.
What does ‘complexity’ refer to in choosing statistical tests?
The number of levels or conditions in the independent variable.
What is the difference between a within- and between-subjects design?
Within: same participants in all conditions; Between: different participants per condition.
What are the four levels of data measurement?
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.
What defines nominal data?
Categorical data like sex, team preference.
What defines ordinal data?
Ranked data like Likert scale responses.
What defines interval data?
Equal intervals between values, no true zero (e.g., Celsius).
What defines ratio data?
Equal intervals and a true zero (e.g., height, reaction time).
What is skewness and how is it assessed?
Measure of asymmetry in distribution; skewness ≤ -1.0 or ≥ 1.0 indicates skew.
What assumption does Levene’s Test assess?
Homogeneity of variance.
What does a significant Levene’s test indicate?
Variances are unequal; violates assumption of homogeneity.
What is the difference between equal and unequal variances?
Equal: similar standard deviations; Unequal: large difference in variance (heteroscedasticity).
When should you use a Chi-square test?
For nominal DV data in between-subjects designs.
What is a single-variable Chi-square test used for?
To compare observed vs. expected frequencies in one variable.
What is a k-variable Chi-square test used for?
To assess associations between two nominal variables.
What do correlation tests assess?
The degree to which two variables are related.
What is the difference between positive and negative correlations?
Positive: both increase/decrease together; Negative: one increases, the other decreases.
What is Pearson’s correlation used for?
Parametric test for interval/ratio data with normal distribution.
What is Spearman’s rho used for?
Non-parametric test for skewed interval/ratio data or ordinal data.
What does regression analysis do?
Predicts variance in a DV from one or more IVs using a statistical model.
What are assumptions of linear regression?
Normally distributed DV, independent predictors, interval/ratio or dichotomous predictors.
What is R² in regression?
Proportion of variance in the DV explained by the model.
What is the beta coefficient in regression?
Amount DV changes per unit increase in IV.
