7 - Reptiles

Question 1

First amniotes maybe

Answer 1

Westlothiana (350mya), hard to tell because eggs fossilize badly

ancestors to reptiles

Question 2

First reptile

Answer 2

Hylonomus 35my after westlothiana

Question 3

Amniota

Answer 3

monophyletic lineage. reptiles birds and mammals

Question 4

Extraembryonic membranes

Answer 4

protect embryo from desiccation
cushion embryo
promote gas transfer
store waste

Question 5

Amniotic eggs of reptiles and birds

Answer 5

shells to protect embryo
albumen to cushion and provide moisture/nutrients to embryo
yolk supplies food to embryo

Question 6

Reptile egg shell

Answer 6

leathery

Question 7

Terrestrial adaptations other than amniotic eggs

Answer 7

impervious skin
horny nails
water conserving kidneys (Key, more efficient)
Enlarged lungs

Question 8

mammals

Answer 8

most closely related to ancestral amniotes. branched off before lizards

Question 9

reptiles and birds

Answer 9

reptilian lineage includes birds, dinos and other reptiles. Used to be considered further apart but now we know they are closely related. now avian and non-avian reptiles

Question 10

mammal skulls

Answer 10

synapsida

Question 11

all living reptile skulls

Answer 11

diapsida

Question 12

Synapsid skull*

Answer 12

• mammals

- single temporal opening (fenestra) for jaw muscle attachment

Question 13

Turtle skulls

Answer 13

diapsid + secondary loss of holes so looks like anapsid

Question 14

Extinct taxa skulls

Answer 14

anapsid

Question 15

anapsid skull

Answer 15

0 fenestra

Question 16

Diapsid skull

Answer 16

• most reptiles and birds

- 2 temporal openings where jaw muscles attach to skull

Question 17

Order testinudes

Answer 17

turtles

Question 18

Order testinudes characteristics

Answer 18

bony shell (carapace - dorsal, plastron - ventral)
limbs articulate internally to ribs
keratinized beak instead of teeth

Question 19

Turtle shell dorsal part

Answer 19

carapace

Question 20

Turtle shell ventral part

Answer 20

plastron

Question 21

Turtle reproduction

Answer 21

oviparous

Question 22

Life history testinudes

Answer 22

• long life spans
• most mature after 7 years and live 14 or more after
• galapagos tortoises may live 100+ years
• no parental care of eggs so susceptible to predation
• very susceptible to extinction

Question 23

What makes turtles vulnerable to extinctioni

Answer 23

• mature late and long lived
• large ocean ranges (can run into obstacles)
• nests on land (predation)
• used for food and medicine (eggs and adults) so killed by humans

Question 24

Order crocodylia animals

Answer 24

• crocodiles
• alligators
• caimans
• gavials

Question 25

Skull characteristics of crocodylia

Answer 25

- openings in front of eyes - triangular eye orbits - laterally compressed teeth - secondary palate

Question 26

Secondary palate

Answer 26

separates nasal and mouth passageways | allows breathing while eating or opening mouths underwater

Question 27

Crocodilian reproduction

Answer 27

oviparous with parental care of hatchlings

Question 28

Order sphenodontida

Answer 28

tuataras (almost extinct)

Question 29

Order sphenodontida features

Answer 29

- akinetic jaw (lower attached to upper so strong bite) - 2 rows of teeth on upper jaw - single row of teeth on lower jaw - oviparous - new zealand - first after mammalia

Question 30

Order squamata

Answer 30

lizards and snakes

Question 31

Order squamata skull

Answer 31

Kinetic skull: - moveable quadrate bones and other skull modification - increases skull flexibility

Question 32

Order squamata 2 suborders

Answer 32

sauria - lizards | serpentes - snakes

Question 33

Suborder sauria characteristics

Answer 33

- 2 pairs of legs usually - upper and lower jaws unite anteriorly - oviparous, ovoviviparous or viviparous - includes legless amphisbaenia

Question 34

Amphisbaenia

Answer 34

Legless squamates. Look like worms, some still have front legs

Question 35

Reptiles most likely locations

Answer 35

warmer climates

Question 36

Suborder serpentes characteristics

Answer 36

- legless - skull adaptations for swallowing large prey - mostly oviparous, some give birth to live young

Question 37

Giant Galapagos tortoises

Answer 37

- used as food source on ships and rats got on island and ate eggs - almost extinct - Kept susceptible young in a conservation center and then let them go to save them

Question 38

Galapagos iguanas

Answer 38

terrestrial but eat food from ocean so hunt in ocean then return to land