7) Social-cultural influences Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What are traditional gender stereotypes?
A
Women’s role is to be family carer
Negative view of muscular women
2
Q
What do some people think limits females sporting ability?
A
Lack of strength and endurance
Competetiveness is masculine
3
Q
What are developmental differences between genders?
A
Female facilities develop slower
Less female media coverage
4
Q
What is the definition for stereotype?
A
A fixed and oversimplified opinion of a type of person
5
Q
What do some people think improves ethnic sporting abilities?
A
African groups have better physiological make up
6
Q
How is ethnicity spread across the highest level of sport in the UK?
A
It is imbalanced
7
Q
What physical attributes do certain ethnic groups have?
A
Higher percentage of fast twitch muscle fibres
Long achilles tendon
8
Q
What does a high fast-twitch muscle fibre percentage and long achilles tendon create?
A
Greater power transfer
9
Q
What socio-economic group do ethnic minorities often come from?
A
Lower socio-economic groups
10
Q
What does a lack of disposable income mean for performers?
A
They may not be able to afford the equipment and travel costs to participate in sports
11
Q
Why is there a high percentage of ethnic minorities in football and athletics compared to polo or rowing?
A
It is cheaper
12
Q
What are potential limitations of sport as we age?
A
Fitness levels decline
Body less able to recover from impact injuries
13
Q
What sports are younger and older people usually involved in?
A
Younger- team sports
Older- individual activities
14
Q
What happens to many athletes post-school?
A
They quit sports
15
Q
What gender is more likely to quit sports after school?
A
Females
16
Q
What are common participation barriers post-school?
A
Not seeing positive role models in media
Engaging in sport with agressive stronger men
Feeling judged by others
17
Q
How can families support sports?
A
Physically active parents encourage their children Family support (transport, money) Parents role models
18
Q
How can peer groups (friends) influence participation in sport?
A
Following the crowd
Discouragement
19
Q
Why do boys sometimes not do gymnastics?
A
Negative attitudes from friends
Stereotypical girls sport
20
Q
What personal characteristics affect sport engagement?
A
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Disabilities
21
Q
What are the 3 main types of disability?
A
Sensory impairments
Mental health impairments
Mobility impairments
22
Q
How can mobility impairments be acquired?
A
Born with
Age
Disease or injury
23
Q
What are examples of sensory impairments?
A
Reduction in sight or hearing
24
Q
What are the 2 main approaches to include disabled people in sports?
A
Integration
Adaptation
25
What are adapted sports?
Sports changed so physically disabled can perform alongside those not physically disabled
26
What is integration?
Allowing disabled performers to compete with non-disabled performers
27
What are benefits of integration?
Less discrimination
Less stereotyping
Fewer barriers to playing sports
28
What are benefits for TV companies showing sports? (5)
```
Fast-pace viewing
Lower costs
Easy to follow
Role model performers
Personalities
```
29
Why is sport fast-pace viewing?
Exciting, fast-paced and few stoppages
| Often competetive which is popular
30
Why is sport cheaper for a TV company than drama?
Drama requires paying cast, staging, production team etc
31
How do audiences influence sporting events?
Time changes to be aired at popular times in the week
32
How has sports on TV developed?
Slow motion replays
Hawk-eye
TMO
33
What are different ways the media covers sport?
Social media
Internet
Newspapers
Radio programmes
34
How do radio programmes cover sports?
Running commentries and talk shows
35
What are the 2 types of newspaper?
Broadsheet
| Tabloid
36
What is a broadsheet newspaper?
Emphasis on information service
| Fewer pages about sport but covers a wide range of sports
37
What is a tabloid newspaper?
Interested in sporting personalities, 25% covers sports
| Only covers 'main' sports
38
How can you follow sports on social media?
Downloaded apps follows scores with live updates
Forums to chat
Watch highlights
39
What do TV companies have to pay for to show sport?
Television rights
40
What is commercialisation?
Managing or running something for financial gain
41
What can be bought and sold in sport? (5)
```
Sponsorship rights
Stadiums
Sports teams
Players
Television rights
```
42
What is the job of a marketing manager in sport?
Selling the sport/team to any potential investors or sponsors
43
Why do most sports teams now have a marketing manager?
Commercialisation of sport
44
What is the golden triangle of commercialisation?
Sport
Sponsorship
Media
45
How is commercialisation making sport more business focused?
Winning sponsors may be as important as winning competitions
| Pressure to perform
46
Why are players and managers now more likely to lose their jobs and be replaced?
Pressure on managers and players as lots of money at stake
47
What can sponsors sponsor in sport?
Teams
Facilities
Competitions
Players
48
What are potential aims of sponsors? (2)
Increase sales
| Philanthropic (charitable)
49
What are pros of commercialisation for sponsors?
More opportunites to advertise
| Publicity and sales
50
What are cons of commercialisation for sponsors?
Sponsors are assocatied with negative events
51
What are examples of damaged reputation of sponsors?
Gatorade- Tiger Woods had many affairs
Nike- Lance Amstrong doping scandal
Speedo- Ryan Lochte arrested in Brazil
52
What do the media often focus on instead of sporting events?
Sporting personalities
53
What are potential negative impacts of the media focus on sporting personalities?
Lower income
Increased scrutiny
Less free time and privacy
54
Why does the media reduce performers' free time and privacy?
Sponsors make performers attend meeting and events
55
Why is there increased scutiny on performers?
Any wrongdoing is immediately reported by the media
56
What can cause performers to have sponsorships withdrawn?
If they are performing badly
57
What can sponsors expecting good performances cause?
Incentivised cheating to improve performances
58
What are positive impacts of sponsorship?
Increased earnings
| Better equipment
59
How does sponsorship provide better equipment?
Equpiment, facilities or money can be provided which allows more time training
Fitness and skills improve
60
What do performers often earn in exchange for accepting sponsorships and promoting products?
Money
61
What effects can sponsorship have on a sport?
Greater income
Sponsor power
Timing changes
More focus on 'bigger' sports
62
How do sponsors effect timing changes?
They decide start times to increase publicity
| Can be inconvenient for away fans
63
How do sponsors have power in sports?
They help to decide what is shown on TV
| Decide where their logos are placed and the position of cameras
64
Why is sponsorship income good for a lot of sports?
Teams and performers can earn money from more things than just spectators
65
What impacts does sponsorship have on officials?
Fame
Higher income
Media scrutiny
Opportunity to travel
66
What impacts does sponsorship have on spectators?
Lack of atmosphere
More money
More coverage
More merchandise
67
How does sponsorship impact the atmosphere?
Viewing sports at home takes away stadium atmosphere
68
How do TV companies attempt to add atmosphere?
Stategically placing microphones and cameras to record the atmosphere
69
Why is clubs having more money good for spectators?
Clubs can buy better players and play higher quality matches
| Clubs can invest in new stadiums and facilties
70
What are the 3 elements of the golden triangle?
Business sponsors
Media
Sport spectators
71
What does the golden triangle tell us?
The financial relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media
72
What is etiquette?
The unwritten rules concerning player behaviour
73
What is gamesmanship?
Using methods that are not strictly legal to gain advantages in sport
74
What is sportmanship?
Appropriate or polite and fair behaviour while participating in a sporting event
75
What developments have helped perfomers monitor their ability?
Technological developments
76
What 2 things do performers monitor?
Nutrition
| Health
77
What are examples of technological developments that help to monitor the health of performers?
Heart rate monitor
Pedometer
Body fat monitor
78
How have technological advancements improved safety?
Clothing
79
How have technological advancements aided recovery?
Decreased recovery time for injured performers
80
What are examples of technologies that shorten recovery time?
Ice baths
Oxygen tents
Hyperbaric chambers
81
How have technological developments aided equpiment?
Easier to use
| Lasts longer
82
What are examples of technologically advanced equpiment?
Lighter spikes
Boydsuits
Tennis rackets increasing spin
83
How have disabled performers benefited from technological advancements?
Prosthetic limbs allows them to compete in new sports
84
How have technological advancements aided match analysis?
Can use saem successful tactics or highlight weaknesses
85
What are pros of technology in sport?
Lower chance of error (photo finishes, third umpires)
86
What are cons of technology in sport?
```
Unequal access (costly)
Time consuming (wait for TMO decisions)
Offers new ways to cheat (doping)
```
87
What are impacts of technology for officials?
Less pressure
Better communication
Improved decisions
Too reliant on technology
88
What is a disadvantage of offcials becoming too relaint on technology?
Can slow the game down
89
What tennis technology is used to increase the accuracy of line calls?
Hawk-eye
90
What are impacts of technology for spectators?
All-weather surfaces
Live TV analysis
Different camera angles
91
What are impacts of technology for sponsors?
Reputation risk
| More advertising
92
Why does technology increase sponsor's reputation risk?
Higher chance of performers being caught cheating
93
What are the different elements of conduct in sport?
Etiquette
Sportmanship
Gamesmanship
Contract to compete
94
What is the contract to compete?
Agreeing to play by the rules, trying to win but also letting your opponent play
95
What 5 substances are banned in sport?
```
Stimulants
Narcotic analgesics
Peptide hormones
Diuretics
Anabolic agents
```
96
What do anabolic agents do?
Speed up recovery to allow a performer to train more often
97
What are side effects of anabolic agents?
```
Highly addictive
Reduced testicle size
High blood pressure
Damage liver, kidneys, heart
Female body hair
Reduced breast size
Deeper voice
```
98
What do diuretics do?
Remove excess water from the body for weight loss
99
What are side effects of duretics?
Severe dehydration
Low blood pressure
Cramps
100
What do peptide hormones do (EPO)?
Increase muscle growth and production of red blood cells
101
What does EPO do?
Reduce tiredness for endurance athletes
102
What are side effects of EPO?
Thicker blood
Heart works harder
Increased risk of heart attack or stroke
103
What do narcotic analgesics do?
Reduce pain from overtraining
104
What are side effects of narcotic analgesics?
Very addictive
Constipation
Reduced alertness
Loss of concentration (could lead to coma)
105
What do stimulants do?
Speed up parts of the body or brain
| alertness, reaction time, aggression
106
What are side effects of stimulants?
Increased blood pressure
Strokes
Heart attacks
107
What are the steps of blood doping?
1) Blood removal
2) Body produces more red blood cells
3) Injection of stored blood
108
What is the process of blood doping removal?
Athletes remove 2 pints of blood from their body weeks before a competition and freeze it for later use
109
What happens when blood is removed from the body?
More red bood cells are produced
110
What is the process of injecting stored blood back into the body?
Once body returns to nomral blood content levels, stored frozen blood is thawed and injected 1-2 days before competition
Increase red blood cell content allowing the body to absorb and deliver more oxygen from the air to the working muscles
111
What are pros of blood doping?
Produces energy faster
| Fatigue slower
112
What are cons of blood doping?
Increased risk of heart attack
Blockage of blood vessels (embolism)
Contraction of blood baed diseases (HIV)
Thickening of blood
113
What is the blockage of blood vessels also known as?
Embolism
114
What are beta blockers?
Performance enhancing drugs
115
What are side efefcts of beta blockers?
Nausea
Poor circulation (heart problems)
Tiredness
Weakness
116
What effect do beta blockers have on the body?
Reduced effects of adrenaline
117
How do beta blockers reduce the effects of adrenaline?
Reducing muscle tightness, heart rate and blood pressure
| Improves fine motor skills
118
What are PEDs?
Performance enhancing drugs
119
Who do stimulants benefit? (improve alertness)
Sprinters
Racing drivers
Rugby players
120
Who do narcotic agents benefit? (pain killers)
Weightlifters
| NFL players
121
Who do anabolic agents benefit? (increase muscle mass)
Boxers
| Rugby players
122
Who do diuretics benefit? (weight loss)
Boxers
| MMA fighters
123
Who do peptide hormones benefit? (improve oxygen carrying capacity)
Marathon runners
| Long-distance cyclists
124
Who do beta blockers benefit? (fine motor control)
Archers
| Darts players
125
What are pros of performance enhancing drugs?
Cope with pressure better
Increased income
Fame and sponsorship
126
What are cons of performance enhancing drugs?
Banned if caught
Immoral
Health risks
127
What are effects of PEDs on sport?
Lost sponsorship or media coverage
| Harm reputation
128
What are pros of spectators?
Atmosphere
| Home advnatage
129
What are cons of spectators?
Crowd trouble
| Intimidating environment
130
What reasons cause holliganism?
```
Rivalries
Alcohol and drugs
Gang culture
Frustration
Masculinity
```
131
What is hooliganism?
Violent behaviour
132
What are strategies of combatting hooliganism?
```
Early kick-offs
All-seater stadiums
Segregation of fans
Improved security
Alcohol restrictions
Travel restrictions
Education
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