Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

1. Internal Medicine I > 7. Thyroid disorders > Flashcards

7. Thyroid disorders Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

General hot intolerance, sweating, agitation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the skin symptoms of hyperthyroid disorders?

A

Hair loss, hair thinning, “Plummer’s nails” -softening, can become detached, pigment disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the muscular system symptoms of hyperthyroid disorders?

A

Weakness, fatigue, prox. myopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is thyrotoxicosis?

A

the biochemical reactions triggered by more thyroid hormone than necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Graves disease?

A

It is a type of hyperthyroidism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Graves disease
  • Toxic nodular goitre,
  • Toxic adenoma,
  • Ectopic thyroid issue
  • Exogenous
  • Others (postpartum, amiodarone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for thyroid disorders?

A

TSH, fT4, fT3, aTPO, thyreoglobin, cervical UH, pm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroid disorders related to the cardiac system?

A

Accelerated circulation, resting tachycardia, systolic hypertension, angina pectoris, 10-20% atrial fibrillation, mitral prolapse becomes more pronounced, cardiomyopathy may develop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroid disorders related to breathing?

A

Tracheal constriction, weakness of respiratory muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroid disorders related to the gastrointestinal system?

A

Weight loss with good appetite (sometimes gaining weight!), frequent, softer stools - diarrhea rare, in severe disease: nausea, vomiting, liver enzyme elevation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroid disorders related to bone metabolism?

A

Accelerated, cortical bones affected, fragility increases, moderate hypercalcemia may develop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the hormonal changes associated with hyperthyroid disorders?

A

FSH/LH - oligo-raromenorrhea, loss of libido, impotence, infertility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the metabolic changes associated with hyperthyroid disorders?

A

Cholesterol decreases, HDL increases, insulin secretion and resistance increases - IGT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some nervous system symptoms of hyperthyroid disorders?

A

Agitation, restlessness, anxiety, depression, psychosis-like picture, insomnia, rapid and erratic thinking, cognitive function deterioration, increased risk of developing dementia, hypermotile but fatigable, hand and body-wide fine-wave tremor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some ophthalmological symptoms of hyperthyroid disorders?

A

Shiny and dilated eyes, stiff eyes, slow blinking, appearance of a white stripe between the iris and upper eyelid when looking down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Graves disease?

A

An autoimmune disease caused by an antibody produced against the TSH receptor, with predisposing factors such as female gender, genetic predisposition, infections, psychological stress, good iodine supply, and smoking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the diagnosis for Graves disease?

A

Diffuse goitre, TSH lowered, fT3 increased, fT4 increased, and consistent enrichment on scintigram.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some specific symptoms of Graves disease?

A

Skin symptoms such as vitiligo and alopecia, and eye symptoms such as exophthalmos, eye movement disorder, and periorbital and conjunctival edema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the specific skin symptoms associated with Graves disease?

A

Vitiligo and alopecia, pretibial infiltrative dermopathy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the specific eye symptoms associated with Graves disease?

A

Exophthalmos, eye movement disorder, periorbital and conjunctival oedema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the specific gastrointestinal symptoms associated with Graves disease?

A

Achlorhydria and celiac disease occur more frequently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What percentage of patients with Graves also have myasthenia gravis?

A

1%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the haematological symptom associated with Graves disease?

A

Relative lymphocytosis with low white blood cell count.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is toxic nodular goitre?

A

It is a somatic mutation of TSH receptor or Gs subunit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the predisposing factors for toxic nodular goitre?
Over 40 years of age, iodine deficiency.
26
What is the diagnosis for toxic nodular goitre?
Nodular goitre (one or more nodules), TSH decreased, fT3 increasd, fT4 increased, nodular enrichment on scintigraphy.
27
What is iodine-induced hyperthyroidism?
It is high doses of iodine taken with autonomous thyroid function.
28
What is the most common cause of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism?
Contrast agent administration.
29
What is the effect of amiodarone treatment on iodine uptake?
After amiodarone treatment, iodine uptake is 3-10%.
30
What are the non-thyroid causes of thyrotoxicosis?
Diet, psychiatric illness, consumption of animal thyroid gland, ovarian cystic teratoma.
31
What is the thyroglobulin level in non-thyroid thyrotoxicosis?
Thyroglobulin is low, with no pm.
32
What are some non-thyroid causes of thyrotoxicosis?
Diet, psychiatric illness, consumption of animal thyroid gland, ovarian cystic teratoma.
33
What are some possible causes of TSH-induced hyperthyroidism?
Pituitary adenoma, T3 resistance syndrome.
34
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using tireostatics as a treatment option for thyroid disorders?
Advantages: easily accessible, reversible, daily treatment, cheap.
35
What are some examples of thionamides used as tireostatics?
Methimazole, propylthiouracil.
36
What is the maximum daily dose of methimazole?
40 mg per day.
37
What is the first line of choice in the case of early Graves' disease?
Thionamides.
38
What is the possibility of durable remission with thionamides in the case of early Graves' disease?
70 to 30 percent.
39
What is Kocher's blood count?
A blood test used to monitor the white blood cell count in patients taking thionamides.
40
What are some possible side effects of propylthiouracil?
Similar to methimazole.
41
What is the time to onset of action for propylthiouracil?
2 to 3 weeks.
42
What are some drugs used in the treatment of hyperthyroid disorders?
Lithium carbonate, iodine, beta-blockers, dexamethasone.
43
What is the mechanism of action of beta-blockers in thyroid disorders?
They inhibit T4 -T3 conversion.
44
What is the purpose of Dexamethasone in thyroid disorders?
It inhibits T4 -T3 conversion.
45
What is the recommended duration of skipping Tionamide drugs before radioiodine treatment?
1 week.
46
What is the recommended measurement before radioiodine treatment?
24-hour iodine uptake measurement.
47
What are the side effect restrictions of radioiodine treatment?
Hypothyroidism, worsened orbitopathy (smoking!), and pregnancy after 1 (1/2) year.
48
What is subclinical hyperthyroidism?
TSH between 0.1 and 0.45.
49
What are the possible complications of subclinical hyperthyroidism?
Cardiovascular issues, osteoporosis, and dementia.
50
What are the primary symptoms of thyroid crisis?
Fever, profuse sweating, tachycardia, frequent arrhythmias, tense nervousness, psychosis, apathy, stupor, coma, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and possibly abdominal pain.
51
What is the recommended treatment for thyroid crisis?
Intensive treatment including fluid replacement, circulatory support, hydrocortisone (2-4x150 mg infusion daily), and beta-blockers (4x40-80 mg propranolol per day).
52
What is the recommended treatment for thyreotoxic crisis?
Fluid replacement, circulatory support, hydrocortisone, beta blockers (propranolol), inhibition of hormone production with thiamazole / methimazole, inhibition of hormone secretion with lithium carbonate, dexamethasone
53
What is the prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism in the total population?
0.3-0.4%.
54
What are some symptoms of thyroid disorders?
Weakness, fatigue, sleepiness, memory problems, cold intolerance, tendency to gain weight, skin dryness, hair loss, muscle weakness, muscle cramp.
55
What are some preventive therapeutic effects on the thyroid gland?
Preventing injury.
56
What are some drugs that affect thyroid function?
Thiamazole, methimazole, propylthiouracil, potassium iodide, iodate, sodium iodide, lithium carbonate, dexamethasone.
57
What are some environmental factors that can cause thyroid diseases?
Unknown.
58
What are some diseases of the pituitary-hypothalamus?
Thyroid diseases.
59
What are some common symptoms of hypothyroid disorders?
Weakness, fatigue, sleepiness, memory problems, cold intolerance, tendency to gain weight, skin dryness, hair loss, muscle weakness, hearing loss, infertility, loss of libido, puffiness, vitiligo, goitre, bradycardia
60
What is the recommended treatment for hypothyroid disorders?
Levothyroxine substitution treatment
61
How often should TSH levels be monitored during levothyroxine substitution treatment?
TSH levels should be monitored only 4-6 weeks after the last L-T4 dose change.
62
What should be done if there are simultaneously high serum TSH and T4 levels during levothyroxine substitution treatment?
Poor compliance (possibly lab error) should be considered.
63
What is the achievable serum TSH level for young, middle-aged, and very old individuals?
Young individuals: 0.5-2.5 mE/l, middle-aged individuals: 0.5-3.5 mE/l, and very old individuals: 4.0-6.0 mE/l.
64
What is the achievable serum TSH level for young individuals?
0.5-2.5 mE/l.
65
What is the achievable serum TSH level for middle-aged individuals?
0.5-3.5 mE/l.
66
What is the achievable serum TSH level for very old individuals?
4.0-6.0 mE/l.
67
What are the symptoms of myxoedematous coma?
Heart failure, pericardial effusion, hyponatraemia, respiratory failure, ileus, drug sensitivity, hypothermia, delirium, convulsions, stupor, coma.
68
What are the causes of De Quervain thyroiditis?
Viral infections, often upper respiratory tract infections (Coxackie, mumps, adenovirus).
69
What is the female to male ratio for De Quervain thyroiditis?
05:01
70
What is the HLA haplotype often associated with De Quervain thyroiditis?
HLA-B35.
71
What are the common symptoms of De Quervain thyroiditis?
Neck pain, tenderness in more than 90% of cases, pain may radiate to the neck, ear, jaw.
72
What is the treatment for neck pain associated with an upper respiratory tract infection?
NSAIDs (ASA, Ibuprofen), and if no improvement, steroids (prednisone) for a few days.
73
What is the symptomatic treatment for hyperthyroidism?
Beta-blocker (propranolol).
74
Are thionamides effective in treating symptomatic hyperthyroidism?
No, they are ineffective.
75
What is the genetic influence on thyroid disorders?
Identical twins have a 30-60% chance of having thyroid disorders, while siblings have a 20% chance.
76
What percentage of patients with thyroid disorders are referred to the hospital?
20-50%.
77
What are some conditions that can cause thyroid disorders?
Inflammatory processes, malignancies, liver and kidney diseases, circulatory diseases, traumas, surgical interventions, inadequate caloric intake, and acute life-threatening conditions.
78
What are the four types of thyroid hormones?
TSH, fT4, fT3, and rT3.
79
What is the thyroid adaptation syndrome?
It is a condition where the thyroid gland adapts to changes in the body's metabolic rate.
80
What is sick euthyroid illness?
It is a condition where the thyroid gland is functioning normally, but the patient has abnormal thyroid hormone levels due to a non-thyroidal illness.

1. Internal Medicine I (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions