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SS17_I: Bioenergy Technology > Doris-Biodiesel-vegetable oil fuels, HVO > Flashcards

Doris-Biodiesel-vegetable oil fuels, HVO Flashcards

1
Q

Give the definition of „biodiesel“:

A

Biodiesel = FAME (Fatty Acid – Methyl ester) - DIN EN 14214

in Germany mainly: RME (Rape oil - Methyl Ester)

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2
Q

How do we obtain biodiesel?

A
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3
Q

From which feedstocks could we obtain biodiesel?

A

Oilseed crops

  •  Rape (Canola) –> Major feedstock in Europe
  •  Sun flower
  •  Soy bean
  •  Oil palm…

Used greases

 Separator fats

 Animal fats

Algal biomass (Microalgae)

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4
Q

What production technologies & what Procedures exist for vegetable oil recovery from oil seeds?

A
  • Production technologies:
    • Small scale oil mills: capacity: 0.5 – 25 Mg/d oil seed
    • Industrial oil mills (large scale) capacity: up to 4 000 Mg/d oil seed
  • Processing:
    • Pure pressing (1-2 stages) - usually in small scale plants ( basically oil press)
    • Extraction with solvents
    • Combination pressing / extraction – usually in large scale plants
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5
Q

What are the steps of industrial scale oil mills?

A
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6
Q

Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of vegetable oils and fats. What is transesterification?

A

Transesterification reduces viscosity

Reaction very slow at ambient temperature –>Catalysts required

There are two types of processes; low pressure processes( most used) and high pressure process

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7
Q

Vegetable oils are triglycerides, whar are these composed from?

A

Triglycerides are esters of glycerin und 3 fatty acids

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8
Q

Draw the simplified process flow sheet of biodiesel production:

A
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9
Q

Draw the mass balance flow diagram of biodiesel production from rape:

A
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10
Q

Give the major producers, the annual yields of biomass feedstock for biodiesel

A
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11
Q

What is the composition of press residues for rapseed extraction meal, rapseed press cake of small scale mills, soy bean extraction meal?

A

Options for utilization

 Animal feed (Rape: limitations by Glucosinolates) –>major use

 Biogas production (e.g. rape press cake –> 0.61-0.76 m

3/kg oDM, methane: 43-57 Vol%

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12
Q

What is the main byproduct of transesterification?

A

Qualities

  •  Crude glycerine (60-80 mass%)
  •  technical quality glycerine (< 80 masse%)
  •  Pharmaceutical quality glycerine ( > 99,5 masse%)

Options for utilization

  •  Raw material for production of chemicals/pharmaceuticals/cosmetics
  •  Admixture to animal feed
  •  Biogas production (co-fermentation)
  •  Combustion fuel (limitations: low energy content, high viscosity,…)
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13
Q

What are the main fuel blends for biodiesel in Germany?

A

Fuels and blends in Germany

  •  Pure vegetable oil fuel
  •  Pure biodiesel (B100)
  •  Blends of biodiesel and diesel fuel
  • 5% (B5)
  • 7% ( B7) Germany: novel fuel Norm 2009: DIN 51628
  •  Germany: blending according to law
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14
Q

What is the difference between transportation fuels from vegetal oils and biodiesel?

A

Vegetable oils.( Rape oil.. Diesel for agriculture?)

In general applicable as a fuel (especially for diesel engines), but: fuel properties quite different to diesel

–> Refitting of diesel engines or dedicated engines necessary

–>Niche product, e.g. for agricultural machines?

Biodiesel

Fuel properties similar to diesel

–> Can be used in many diesel engines without (or with only little) refitting

–>Germany: mainly blending to diesel (up to 7% biodiesel  B7)

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15
Q

Are the vegetable oil fuels cost-competitive in Germany?

A

Economy (Germany):

depending on investment costs for dedicated engines or refitting, rapeseed oil fuel must be 0.11 – 0.2 €/l cheaper than diesel fuel to be cost competitive (including taxes)

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16
Q

What happens when we use vegetal oil in diesel engines?

A

Vegetable oil in diesel engines –> usually refitting necessary

Impacts of some fuel properties on engine operation

Viscosity

Impact on fuel injection quality (engine stutters, gumming of the valves) –> Heating of fuel up to approx. 110°C and further

adjustments by electronic injection systems with temperature

survey

Heating value

Vegetable oils have lower heating values and temperature/density characteristics different to diesel –> power loss / soot emissions as injection pumps need to be adjusted to the volume supply

–> Adjustment of the injection system (valves, electronic)

Operation with vegetable oil or mixtures of vegetable oil and diesel:

Refitting with one or two tank systems available

17
Q

What are the quality parameters which determine the quality of:

  • Diesel
  • FAME
  • Rapseed oil fuel
A
18
Q

What are the benefits of vegetable oil fuels in agriculture?

A

Tractors operated by vegetable oil fuels

Benefits

  •  Decentralized production and use of renewable fuel and animal feed
  •  High share of domestic fuel demand for agriculture may be covered
  • (Germany: ~ 1.2 mio. ha required for full coverage)
  •  High biodegradability of the fuels  low environmental impact in case of
  • accidents, e.g. fuel leakages
  •  High GHG-reduction potential: ~ 1.9 kg CO2 eq/l rapeseed oil fuel (~ 60% GHG-reduction compared to diesel)

Tractors for vegetable oil fuel

 Dedicated engines:

2 tank-systems: Deutz Fahr, Fendt 1 tank-system: John Deere

 Refitting of diesel engines

19
Q

What does HVO Technology mean?

A

HVO = „Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils“ (HEFA = „Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty acids“)

  •  Synthesis of oxgen free hydrocarbon fuels from fats and vegetable oils
  •  Chemical reaction of fats and vegetable oils with hydrogen H2 –> hydrogenation
  •  Technology related to mineral oil processing (refinery):
    • hydrotreating = used for production of low sulfur ultra light diesel fuels
20
Q

Give the inputs and outputs of the hydrogeneation reactions

A
21
Q

HVO-production process steps are:

A
22
Q

Give the Status and perspectives on HVO-Diesel!

A

 Processing of various fats and vegetable oils possible, but adoption of

process parameters required

 Production of oxgen free hydrocarbon fuels  „designer fuels“

 Properties of HVO-diesels very similar to fossil diesel fuels

 Integration into infrastructure of mineral oil refineries possible

 Sustainability of vegetable oils processing (e.g. palm oil)?

 Technologies of several companies under development, e.g.

„NExBTL“ (Fa. Neste Oil, Finnland)

„Green Diesel“ (Fa. UOP LLC, USA)

„HBIO“

(Fa. Petrobras, Brasilien)

 „2nd generation biofuel“ technology

 Global production capacities 2014: ~ 2.9 Mio Mg/a: - EC: 1.5 Mio Mg/a

(Source: Square Commodities)

  • Asia: 0.8 Mio Mg/a
  • USA: 0.66 Mio Mg/a
23
Q

What is the energetic use of palm oil in EU?

A
  • Heat & power co-generation in CHPS
  • Transportation biofuels: biodiesel, HVO-fuel
24
Q

What do you know about palm oil?

A

SS17_I: Bioenergy Technology (13 decks)

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