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A&P Summer > Bone & Muscle > Flashcards

Bone & Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Function(s) of skeletal system (five listed):

A

1) Support (sites of attachments)
2) Storage of minerals (Ca2+ bank) and lipids
3) Blood cell production
4) Protection
5) Levers

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2
Q

Long bones

A

Femur, humerus, ulna, and radius

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3
Q

Irregular

A

Vertebrae and pelvis

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4
Q

Flat bones

A

Sternum, scapulae, and ribs

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5
Q

Short bones

A

Talus, canals, and tarsals

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6
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Round bone w/ “pulley”

Patella, @thumbs, @feet,

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7
Q

Sutural Bones

A

Posterior of skull;

Note: osteogenesis imperfecta (“OI”) or “brittle bone”

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8
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta (“OI”)

A

“brittle bone”

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9
Q

Trochanter

A

Large, rough projection

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10
Q

Spine

A

Pointed process

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11
Q

Crest

A

Prominent ridge

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12
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, rounded projection

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13
Q

Tuberosity

A

Rough projection

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14
Q

Tubercle vs tuberosity

A

Small & rounded vs. larger & rough

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15
Q

Diaphysis

A

Tubular shaft of the bone.

Strong layer of compact bone.

Compact bone surrounds the medullary cavity.

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16
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded area at the end of the bone.

First layer is a thin layer of compact bone.

Second layer mostly consists of spongy bone (cancellous bone)

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17
Q

Metaphysis

A

Narrow junction where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet.

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18
Q

Jones fracture

A

At metaphysis of 5th metatarsal (non-weight bearing)

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19
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature Bone Cells; these cells do not divide and maintain “the matrix;” repair bone damage by morphing into osteoblasts.

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20
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature bone cells; in charge of making new bone matrix.

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21
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Squamous stem cells; produce a “daughter” cell that becomes osteoblasts; important role in fracture repair.

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22
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone cells that recycle bony matrix; absorb/remove matrix; think “Pac-Man”

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23
Q

Osteon

A

Mature compact bone containing osteocytes; arranged in concentric patterns for strength.

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24
Q

Central canal

A

Containing……

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25
Q

Lacunae

A

….

26
Q

Lamellae

A

…

27
Q

Periosteum

A

Layer that thinly wraps around compact bone; protects bone from surrounding tissues; route for nerves and blood supply; plays a role in growth of the bone and fracture repair.

28
Q

Endosteum

A

Layer of cells that line the medullary cavity; responsible for also surrounding the bone and fracture healing; incomplete layer containing osteoblasts, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.

29
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Cartilage replaced by bone

30
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Increase in length of the bone;

completion of epiphyseal growth; skeletal maturity at different ages based on gender.

31
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Increase in width of the bone;

cells of the inner layer of the periosteum differentiate to osteoblasts; these osteoblasts deposit superficial layers of bone matrix occurs at the outer layers.

32
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its relationship to Ca2+ (@ low blood Ca2+ level decreasing below 8.5mg/dL)

A

Stimulates bone to release calcium via osteoclasts;

Increases absorption of Ca2+ in the intestines (kidneys secrete more calcitriol — “cal-sih-triol” — as the trigger);

Decrease the secretion of Ca2+ in the kidneys (Ca2+ is absorbed in the kidneys, less Ca2+ in urine)

33
Q

Calcitonin (@high levels of Ca2+ above 11mg/dL)

-secreted by C cells in the thyroid gland

A

Stimulates bone to decrease calcium by signaling osteoclast.

Decrease absorption of Ca2+ in the intestines (kidneys secrete less calcitroil as the trigger).

Increases secretion of Ca2+ levels in kidneys (decreases the blood Ca2+, more Ca2+ in urine)

34
Q

Fracture Repair (step 1): fracture hematoma forms

A

Real time formation, immediately after injury to the bone.

Clot forms and local osteocytes die to due lack of circulation.

35
Q

Fracture Repair (step 2): Callus Formation

A

Endosteum and periosteum rapidly divide cells.
Spongy bone creates = internal callus
Cartilage/bone = external callus
The fracture site is now becoming more stable

36
Q

Fracture Repair (step 3): Spongy bone formation

A

External callus replaced by osteoblasts with spongy bone.
Non-viable bone is replaced reabsorbed.
……….

37
Q

Fracture Repair (step 4): Compact Bone Formation

A

Can have outward appearance of swelling.
Osteoclast/osteoblasts remodel over time.
Bone overtime may show no obvious injury.

38
Q

Osteopenia

A

ossification is lacking, bone is thinner, weaker than regular bone, and not as easily broken.

39
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone mass is insufficient, compromises bone function and bone does not withstand regular forces; easily broken.

40
Q

Function(s) of Skeletal Muscle:

A 
Production of movement.
Maintain posture and body position.
Support soft tissues.
Guard entrance and exits of body.
Maintain body temperature.
Store nutrients.
41
Q

Fascicle:

A

Compartmentalized, bundle of muscle fibers

42
Q

Tendon/Aponeurosis

A

Attach muscle muscle to bone

43
Q

Epimysium

A

Collagen Fibers, encompasses the entire muscle, separates…..

44
Q

Perimysium

A

Great divider, creates compartments of muscle, ………

45
Q

Endomysium

A

Fragile connective tissue……..

46
Q

Organization of Muscle

A

Fascicle — fiber — myofibril — sarcomere

47
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament

48
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament.

49
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Neurotransmitter

50
Q

Acetlycholinesterase (AChE)

A

Enzyme that breaks down ACh

51
Q

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

….

52
Q

Contraction cycle (6 steps)

A

1) Contraction cycle begins
2) Active-site exposure
3) Cross-bridge formation
4) Myosin head pivoting
5) Cross-bridge detachment
6) Myosin reactivation

53
Q

Convergent muscle pattern

A

Fan-like

54
Q

Pennate muscle pattern

A

Feather

55
Q

Parallel muscle pattern

A

Spindle

56
Q

Circular muscle patterns

A

Guardians

57
Q

Classes of levers

A

1st, 2nd, 3rd

58
Q

1st class lever

A

Fulcrum between the applied force and the load

59
Q

2nd class lever

A

Load lies between the applied force and the fulcrum

60
Q

Third-class lever

A

Applied force is between the load and fulcrum

A&P Summer (4 decks)

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