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Anatomy > part 3 > Flashcards

part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Nervous system do?

A

Enables the body to react to continuous changes in its internal and external environments

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2
Q

What two parts are the Nervous systems divided into?

A
  1. CNS: brain and spin

2. PNS: the remainder of the nervous system outside of the brain and spin

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3
Q

What are the 2 sub compartments of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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4
Q

What supports neurons?

A
  1. Neuroglia

2. nerve cells

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5
Q

Neurons

A

are structural and functional units of nervous system specialized for rapid communication

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6
Q

What are some things that neurons are composed of?

A
  1. Cell Body
  2. Dendrites: Processess (extensions)
  3. Axon: Carry impulses to and away from the cell body
  4. Myelin Sheath
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7
Q

What are two types of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar motor neuron

2. Pseudo unipolar sensory neuron

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8
Q

What is a Multipolar motor neuron?

A

They have two or more dendrites and a single axon that may have one or more collateral branches. They are the most common type of neuron. All of the motor neurons that control skeletal muscle and those comprising the ANS are multipolar neurons

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9
Q

What is Pseudounipolar sensory Neurons?

A

They have a short, apparently single process extending from the cell body. This common process separates into peripheral process, conducting impulses from the receptor organ toward the cell body, and a central process that continues from the cell body into the CNS. The cell bodies are located outside the neuron and are apart of the PNS

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10
Q

What is Neuroglia?

A
  • Glial cells or glia and are 5x more abundant as neurons, and are nonneuronal, non excitable cells that form a major component of nervous tissue, supporting, insulating, and nourishing the neurons
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11
Q

What are the Neuroglia in the CNS? PNS?

A
  • oligodendroglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia
  • satellite cells and autonomic ganglia and schwann cells
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12
Q

What are the principal rules of the CNS?

A

are to integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals and to carry out higher mental functions such as thinking and learning

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies in teh CNS

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14
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) within the CNS connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of teh cerebral cortex

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15
Q

Gray Matter

A

the nerve cell bodies lie here

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16
Q

White matter

A

the interconnecting fiber tract system

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17
Q

What does the gray matter look like in a transverse view?

A
  • H shapped
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18
Q

What are the 3 membranous layers?

A
  1. pia mater
  2. arachnoid matter
  3. Dura matter
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19
Q

What surrounds and protects the CNS?

A
  1. meninges

2. CSF

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20
Q

Where is the CSF located?

A

between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater

21
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

is organized into nerves that connect the CNS with peripheral structures

22
Q

What are the 31 spinal pairs?

A
  1. C1-C8
  2. T1-T12
  3. L1-L5
  4. S1-S5
  5. Co1
23
Q

What is a neve fiber?

A

consists of an axon, its neurolemma (G. neuron) and surrounding endoneurial connective tissue

24
Q

Neurolemma

A

consists of the cell membranes of the Schwann cells that immediately surround the axon, separating it from other axons

25
Q

In PNS, the neurolemma may take two forms…

A
  1. myelinated nerve fibers

2. unmyelinated nerve fibers

26
Q

What components do the nerve consist of?

A
  1. a bundle of nerve fibers outside the CNS
  2. the connective tissue coverings that surround and bind the nerve fibers and fascicles together
  3. The blood vessels that nourish the nerve fibers and their coverings
27
Q

Why are nerves fairly strong and resilient?

A
  1. Endonerium: delicate connective tissue immediately surrounding the axon
  2. Perineurium: a layer of dense connective tissue that encloses a fascicle of nerve fibers
  3. Epinerium: a thick connective tissue sheath that surrounds and encloses a bundle of fascicles, the outermost covering of the nerve
28
Q

What are ganglion?

A

a collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

29
Q

What are afferent fibers?

A

Sensory. Convey neural impulses to the CNS form the sense organs and from sensory receptors in various parts of the body

30
Q

What are efferent fibers?

A

motor. convey neural impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands

31
Q

What can nerves be considered as?

A

cranial or spinal

32
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

exit the cranial cavity through foramina in the cranium and are identified by a descriptive name

33
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

exit the vertebral column through intervertebral foramina.

34
Q

What do spinal nerves initially arise from?

A

the spinal cord as rootlets

35
Q

The Rootlets converge to form two nerve roots?

A
  1. Anterior nerve root: motor fibers passing from nerve cell bodies in the anterior horn of spinal cord gray matter to effector organs
  2. Posterior nerve root : consisting of sensory fibers from cell bodies in the spinal or posterior root ganglion that extend peripherally to sensory endings
36
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

unification of the posterior and anterior nerve roots

37
Q

The spinal nerve divides into two?

A
  • Rami
    1. Posterior Rami: contain both motor and sensory. Supply nerve fibers to the synovial joints of the vertebral column and separate from each other
    2. Anterior Rami: contain both motor and sensory. Supply nerve fibers to the much larger remaining area, like the skin and hypaxial muscles of the anterior and lateral regions of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs. Typically merge with one another except in the trunk, forming the somatic nerve plexuses
38
Q

Somite Period

A

the tissue that will give rise to muscle, bones, and other connective tissue

39
Q

Somite

A

type of formation during embryonic period

40
Q

What do the medial side of the somites become?

A

Sclerotomes

41
Q

What are Sclerotomes?

A

Cells of which exit the somite and migrate medially

42
Q

What do the lateral side of the somites become?

A

Dermatomyotomes

43
Q

Dermatome

A

The unilateral area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

44
Q

Myotome

A

The unilateral mass of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve

45
Q

What are the Somatic Fibers?

A
  1. General Sensory Fibers: Transmit sensation from the body to the CNS
  2. Somatic Motor Fibers: transmit impulses to skeletal (voluntary) muscles
46
Q

What are Visceral Fibers?

A
  1. Visceral Sensory Fibers: (afferent)Transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations from hollow organs and blood vessels to the CNS
  2. Visceral motor fibers: (efferent) transmit impulses to smooth (involuntary) muscle and glandular tissues
47
Q

What are the two types of Visceral motor fibers?

A
  1. Presynaptic
  2. Postsynaptic
    which work together to conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle or glands
48
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the somatic motor and presynaptic visceral motor neurons located?

A

gray matter of the spinal cord

49
Q

Where are cell bodies post synaptic motor neurons?

A

outside the CNS in autonomic ganglia

Anatomy (6 decks)

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