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biology > Communicable desieses > Flashcards

Communicable desieses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is an antigen

A

a toxin that makes the body produce antibodies

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2
Q

what is an antibody

A

a blood protein produced in response to an antigen in the body which chemically bonds with a substance to counter a bacterial virus or foreign substances in the blood

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3
Q

What is a vaccine

A

where a small amount of a disease with an antigen inside injected so antibodies can be produced and ready if the disease is caught

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4
Q

What are vaccines made off

A

dead, inactive parts of a disease

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5
Q

where are antibodies made

A

white blood cells

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6
Q

What are vaccines used to defend

A

bacterial diseases and viral diseases

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7
Q

what are examples of bacterial diseases

A

tetanus, measles

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8
Q

what are examples of viral diseases

A

HIV, smallpox

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9
Q

how does the immune system work

A

When an antigen is noticed as foreign, antibodies are then produced to counter the antigen, the antibodies can counter the spread and movement of the disease and get rid of it out the body completely

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10
Q

what is a painkiller

A

a substance that treats the symptoms of disease, they do not cure the pathogen

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11
Q

what is an antibiotic

A

drugs that cure the bacterial pathogen

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12
Q

How do antibiotics work

A

they work by killing the bacteria that cause the disease. they do not harm your own cells. They can be injected directly to the blood stream, but normally taken as a pill.

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13
Q

Why do antibiotics not work against viral pathogens

A

viruses reproduce inside the cell, it is difficult to kill the virus and not haring the cell

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14
Q

How can antibiotics stop working on certain bacterial pathogens

A

The strains of bacteria can evolve so that they are not harmed by the antibiotic

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15
Q

Give an example of a painkiller

A

paracetamol

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16
Q

give an example of an antibiotic

A

penicillin

17
Q

Why may synthesised drugs be better then drugs extracted from plants directly

A

there may be less side effects

can relieve pain and treat more efficiently

18
Q

How was penicillin discovered

A

Alexander Fleming found a jelly like substance round the outside of one of his experiments, this was where some bacteria had been killed. he noticed the importance and then tried extracting the drug itself but failed. Howard Florey and Ernst Chain extracted it correctly and penicillin was founded

19
Q

What is the noni fruit

A

It is a traditional medicine used in cost rica and may other countries to treat infections and non - communicable disease. research has found that this plant has antibiotic properties and it could be useful for the source of new antibiotics and medicines

20
Q

What makes a good medicine

A

Effective
stable
safe
successful

21
Q

how long can making a new medicine take

A

up to 12 years

22
Q

how are medicines tested

A

on tissues and cells in the lab

if the chemicals pass, they will be treated on animals

23
Q

define toxicity

A

drugs tested to see if they are toxic

24
Q

define efficancy

A

drugs tested to see if they seem to do their job

25
Q

define dosage

A

drugs tested to see the amount of the drug needed to treat a patient

26
Q

what is preclinical testing

A

where the drugs are tested in labs on cells and animal tissue

27
Q

what is clinical trials

A

where healthy volunteers try the drug. low doses are given to test for side effects, if safe it is tested on a small number of patients t see if it treats the disease

28
Q

what are three factors of having ill health

A

diet
stress
life situations

29
Q

how do pathogens make you ill

A

they can cause bacterial diseases and viral diseases

30
Q

how are pathogens spread

A

through air
direct contact
through water

31
Q

Name two viral diseases

A

HIV/Aids

Measles

32
Q

Name two bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella

Gonorrhoea

33
Q

Name two diseases caused by fungi or protists

A

malaria

rose black spot

34
Q

what are the three main rolls of white blood cells

A

producing antibodies
ingesting microorganism
producing antitoxins

biology (6 decks)

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