Basal Ganglia

Question 1

Caudate Nucleus

Answer 1

Corpus Striatum

Neostriatum

Question 2

Putamen

Answer 2

Corpus Striatum
Neostriatum
Lentiform Nucleus

Question 3

Globus Pallidus

Answer 3

Corpus Striatum
Lentiform Nucleus
Paleostriatum

Question 4

NT from striatocortex that affects neostriatum

Answer 4

Glutamate

Question 5

• Basal Ganglia inputs

Answer 5

Striatum

Question 6

Basal Ganglia outputs

Answer 6

Globus Pallidus (internal)
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulum

Question 7

Direct Pathway

Answer 7

excitatory

facilitates movement

Question 8

Indirect Pathway

Answer 8

inhibitory

inhibits movement

Question 9

Basal Ganglia Functions

Answer 9

planning and programming of movements

Question 10

Bradykinesia

Answer 10

slowed movements

Question 11

Hypokinesia

Answer 11

decreased amount of movements

Question 12

Akinesia

Answer 12

absence of movement

Question 13

Rigidity

Answer 13

increased resistance to passive movements

plastic, waxy, lead pipe

Question 14

Dystonia

Answer 14

abnormal/distorted positions

focal dystonia = torticollis (neck)

blepharospasm = facial muscles around eyes

spasmodic = laryngeal

Question 15

• Ballism

Answer 15

limb flinging

lacunar infarct of subthalamic nucleus

Question 16

Athetosis

Answer 16

twisting movements

-> choreoathetosis

causes:
kernicterus
wilsons disease
huntingtons disease

Question 17

chorea

Answer 17

“dance”
continuous involuntary movements

seen in Huntingtons Disease

Question 18

Tics

Answer 18

motor tics, vocal tics

see in Tourette’s

Question 19

• Parkinsons disease

Answer 19

loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta *

microscopy: lewy bodies

Question 20

• PD causes

Answer 20

MPP (from low quality street heroine)

Question 21

• PD treatment

Answer 21

Levo-DOPA
Bromocriptine *
Anticholinergics
Deprenyl (if due to MPP)
DBS

Question 22

Huntingtons Disease

Answer 22

indirect inhibitory pathway

Degeneration of GABAergic striatonigral* pathway (loss of GABA, increase in dopamine)

Question 23

HD features

Answer 23

• Chorea = loss of GABA in STRIATUM

Dementia

Mental changes

Question 24

Wilsons Disease

Answer 24

abnormal copper metabolism

accumulaton in the liver and basal ganglia

Question 25

• WD features

Answer 25

Kayser-Fleischer ring

severe degeneration of LENTIFORM NUCLEUS

Question 26

• Kernicterus

Answer 26

bilirubin crosses BBB

damage to GLOBUS PALLIDUS