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Physiology I > 1.1 Blood 12-23 > Flashcards

1.1 Blood 12-23 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

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2
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F

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3
Q

Blood is ______ times more viscous than water

A

3-5

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4
Q

On average, there is about ____ liters of blood in the body.

A

5

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5
Q

hematocrit is a commonly measure laboratory parameter to measure the proportion of _____ in the blood.

A

RBC’s/erythrocytes

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6
Q

What is the normal hematocrit?

A

45% +/- 5

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7
Q

Decreased hematocrit would indicate _____.

A

anemia

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8
Q

Increased hematocrit would indicate _____.

A

polycythemia

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9
Q

What can cause polycythemia?

A

dehydration
living at high altitudes
disease

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10
Q

RBC number is controlled by ______ which is produced primarily in the ______.

A

erythropoietin : kidneys

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11
Q

What percentage of blood volume is plasma proteins?

A

55%

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12
Q

What are the three broad groups of plasma proteins? Where are they made?

A

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen
made primarily in the liver

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13
Q

The most common and smallest plasma protein that is the main contributor to plasma colloidal osmotic pressure.

A

albumin

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14
Q

What is the function of colloidal osmotic pressure?

A

to prevent excessive fluid filtration

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15
Q

A lack of plasma proteins due to starvation, liver disease, nephrosis or intestinal malabsorption is called_____ and would have what affect?

A

hypoproteinemia: decreased plasma protein would result in decreased colloidal osmotic pressure and increased loss of fluid from capillaries leading to edema

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16
Q

What are alpha globulins?

A

a family of mostly carrier proteins and clotting factors but also some HDL and steroid binding proteins

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17
Q

What are beta globulins?

A

a family of carrier proteins, LDL and iron as transferrin

18
Q

What are gamma globulins?

A

a family of antibodies

19
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

the main protein precursor to fibrin which forms a clot

20
Q

The ability of blood to maintain its volume is called _____.

A

hemostasis

21
Q

Hemostasis is made possible by what key mechanisms?

A

vascular constriction
platelet plugs
clot formation

22
Q

Thrombin functions through what kind of signal transduction?

A

IP3/DG

23
Q

Trauma to vessel walls induces vasoconstriction by the release of _____ from smaller vessels. Platelets, after they aggregate also release _______ and ________ that stimulate vasoconstriction

A

Endothelin-1: thromboxane A2 and serotonin

24
Q

______ from tissues and ______ from the clotting process itself, both promote platelet aggregation to form a plug.

A

thromboxane : thrombin

25
Q

What are the three phases of platelet plug formation?

A
  • platelet adherence: exposed tissue proteins such as collagen and their secretion of VonWillebrand factor cause platelets to adhere to the damaged endothelia
  • platelet aggregation: thromboxane and thrombin promote platelet aggregation to form a plug
  • platelet secretion: ongoing secretions of serotonin promotes vasoconstriction
26
Q

How does aspirin act as a blood thinner?

A

by inhibiting platelet aggregation

27
Q

The clotting/coagulation cascade of fibrinogen to fibrin causes ______.

A

amplification (activation of just a few starter molecules can result in many thousands of products being produced)

28
Q

What are the anti clotting mechanisms that provide negative feedback?

A
  • endothelial linings are engineered to minimize clotting with glycocalyx that repels clotting factors
  • consumption of clotting factors by antithrombin III which binds and inactivates thrombin
  • fibrinolysis which is destruction of fibrin and other clotting factors by the protease plasmin
29
Q

Plasminogen is converted to its active form, plasmin, by ______.

A

tissue plasminogen activator tPA

30
Q

Factor I in the clotting cascade is also known as ________. What is it’s active form?

A

Fibrinogen, Fibrin

31
Q

Factor II in the clotting cascade is also known as _______. What is its active form?

A

Prothrombin, Thrombin

32
Q

Factor III in the clotting cascade is also known as ________.

A

Tissue factor

33
Q

Prothrombin activator is a complex substance made of several substances. What are those substances?

A

Factor X (predominantly)
Factor Va
Factor IV, aka calcium

34
Q

Prothrombin/Factor II is activated by two mechanisms. What are they? Which happens faster? Which is more powerful at amplification?

A

1: intrinsic pathway is more powerful at amplification
2: extrinsic pathway is much faster

35
Q

In the Intrinsic pathway, what factors are required to activate Factor X and therefore activate prothrombin to thrombin?

A

Factor IX and VIIIa (9 and 8)

*calcium also needed

36
Q

In the extrinsic pathway, what factors are required to activate Factor X and therefore activate prothrombin to thrombin?

A

Factor III/tissue factor and Factor VII (3 and 7)

37
Q

The initial formation of thrombin through the extrinsic pathway, which is must faster, allows thrombin to have positive feedback on several factors in the coagulation cascade. 3 of them are in the intrinsic pathway, 1 in the extrinsic pathway and 1 in the final step of fibrin polymer formation. What are these 5 factors that thrombin has positive feedback on?

A 
In the intrinsic pathway: Factor 5,8,11
In the extrinsic pathway:
Factor 7
In fibrin polymerization:
Factor 13/fibrin stabilizing factor
38
Q

The amplified formation of thrombin through the intrinsic pathway, which is must slower, allows abundant concentrations of thrombin to have negative feedback in the coagulation cascade. What 2 processes does thrombin inhibit?

A
  • the conversion of factor X to it’s active form

- the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

39
Q

In addition to the negative feedback mechanisms that thrombin has, it also activates two other enzymes. What are these enzymes and what do they do?

A

Antithrombin - plasma protein that binds and inactivates thrombin
Plasmin (from plasminogen) - protease that degrades fibrin

40
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for fibrinolysis?

A

Plasmin

41
Q

Which protein is both activated by thrombin and binds to thrombin to inactivate it?

A

Antithrombin

Physiology I (15 decks)

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