Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > MCM- Lipid Catabolism > Flashcards

MCM- Lipid Catabolism Flashcards

1
Q

How many phases of fatty acid breakdown are there

A

2 phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Phase 1 of Fatty Acid Breakdown

A

Transport of free fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Phase 2 of Fatty Acid Breakdown

A

Beta-Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What shuttle transports free fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix

A

Carnitine Shuttle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two Sources of Fatty Acids

A

Dietary Fats and Stored Fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does Fatty Acid Activation Occur

A

The Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is bound to Fatty Acids in the cytosol

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Albumin’s goal when bound to Fatty Acids

A

Keep it soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Once activated what is the form of the Fatty Acid

A

Fatty Acyl-CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Can Fatty acyl-CoA get into the Mitochondria

A

No; the outside membrane of the mitochondria is impermeable to Fatty Acyl-CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why does Fatty Acid Activation need to occur

A

Because Fatty Acids bound with albumin are impermeable to the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to Fatty Acyl-CoA to get into the inner membrane

A

Carnitine is added and CoA is detracted making Fatty Acyl-Carnitine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to Fatty Acyl Carnitine once it is in the mitochondrial matrix of the mitochondria

A

Carnitine is removed and Fatty Acyl-CoA is remade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to Fatty Acyl-CoA once it is remade in the Mitochondrial Matrix

A

Beta-Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which Fatty Acids can diffuse into the Mitochondria

A

Short and Medium Chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the rate limiting step of the Carnitine Shuttle

A

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase-1; CPT1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What inhibits Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase-1

A

Malonyl-CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase-1 located

A

In the mitochondrial intermembrane space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the products of Beta Oxidation and where do they go

A

Acetyl-CoA; enters the TCA cycle
FADH2; delivers electrons to Ubiquinone of ETC
NADH; delivers electrons to Complex 1 of ETC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many steps of Beta Oxidation are there

A

Four

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the four steps of Beta Oxidation

A
  1. Oxidation
  2. Hydration
  3. Oxidation
  4. Thiolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What enzyme performs step 1 of Beta Oxidation

A

Acyl CoA Deydrogenase; Oxidate

23
Q

What is the rate limiting step of Beta Oxidation

A

Acyl-CoA Deydrogenase (ACAD)

24
Q

What are the four reactions of Beta Oxidation in order

A
  1. Oxidation
  2. Hydration
  3. Oxidation
  4. Thiolysis
25
Q

What does Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase do

A

oxidizes the Beta and Alpha carbon to produce FADH2 and trans-enoyl-CoA

26
Q

How many ATP does one mole of Palmitic Acid produce

A

Nets 106 ATP; 2 used in the activation of the Fatty Acid

27
Q

What is the difference of odd numbered fatty acids vs. even number fatty acid Beta Oxidation

A

Odd numbered fatty acids are metabolized until a 3 C fatty acid (Propionyl-CoA). Propionyl-CoA is then converted through two different enzymes to Succinyl-CoA

28
Q

What is the fate of Succinyl-CoA from the Beta Oxidation of Odd Numbered Fatty

A

It enters the TCA Cycle

29
Q

What happens to Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Catabolism

A

Metabolized until unsaturation is reach then a REDUCTASE reduces the double bond and an ISOMERASE moves the disruptive bond

30
Q

Where does breakdown Very Long Chain Fatty Acids

A

Peroxisome

31
Q

What does beta oxidation in the peroxisome produce

A

H2O2; too much is toxic but the peroxisome needs H2O2 to function in immune system

32
Q

What is the key enzyme in the Beta Oxidation of VLCFA

A

Acyl-CoA Oxidase

33
Q

What does Acyl-CoA Oxidase in the peroxisome produce

A

FADH2; which is used to make H2O2. It does not go to the OX-PHOS pathway

34
Q

Metabolic Defects in FA-Oxidation

A

Many enzymes can be defective

35
Q

What happens when the enzymes that cleave Carnitine are defective; in catabolism

A

Carnitine will build up in the transmembrane space; leading to a carnitine deficiency since Fatty Acyl-Carntine cant diffuse into the matrix through the inner membrane and it can go back out but stops after the outter membrane

36
Q

Most common Fatty Acid Enzyme Deficiency in Catabolism

A

Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase

37
Q

What happens when the Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase is deficient

A

C8 Fatty Acid accumulates in the liver, poisonous, interferes with urea cycle, elevated levels of ammonia

38
Q

How to treat an MCAD deficiency

A

Patients depend on glucose as an energy source; so dietary treat

39
Q

When are Ketone Bodies Favored

A

When you are in a fasting/starving state

40
Q

What happens when Ketosis is preferred

A

Excessive B-Oxidation of FA’s leading to Increase of Acetyl-CoA; one of the by-products of B-Oxidation

41
Q

What are the three ketone Bodies

A
  1. Acetoacetate
  2. B-Hydroxybutyrate
  3. Acetone
42
Q

What happens when Acetone is built up in the body

A

Acetone breath; sweet

43
Q

What disease, if uncontrolled, leads to a build up of ketones leading to ketoacidosis

A

Diabetes

44
Q

Where are Ketone Bodies produced

A

The mitochondrial matrix of hepatocytes

45
Q

What are Ketone Bodies used for

A

Provide energy in peripheral tissues(muscles), the brain under fasting conditions, and kidneys

46
Q

Energy Yield of 1 mole of Acetoacetate

A

____ ATP - 1 from activation of Acetoacetate

47
Q

Energy Yield of 1 mole B-Hydroxybutyrate

A

_____ ATP - 1 from activation of Acetoacetate

48
Q

Where do Beta-Hydroxybutyrate and Acetone stem from

A

Acetoacetate

49
Q

What happens to Catabolism in the first few hours of fasting

A

gluconeogenesis

50
Q

What happens to Catabolism after 1 day of fasting

A

Triacylglycerols are broken down to release FFA to undergo Beta-Oxidation

51
Q

What happens to Catabolism after 3 days of fasting

A

Ketone bodies made in liver and proteins in the muscles are broken down

52
Q

What happens to Catabolism after 1-2 weeks of starvation

A

brain switches to ketone bodies as major energy source

53
Q

What happens to Catabolism after 2-3 months of starvation

A

Triacylglyercols depleted, protein main source of energy

54
Q

Difference of Physiological ketosis vs. Pathological Ketoacidosis

A

Ketosis; mild to moderate increase in ketone bodies

Ketoacidosis; massive accumulation of ketone bodies, occurs when glucagon/insulin ratio is increased, favoring fatty acid breakdown. Glucagon too high because insulin isnt receptive. Breaksdown all TAG supply and switches to ketone bodies

Biochemistry (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions