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Anatomy > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Origin and insertion of gluteus maximus.

A 
Origin
Gluteal surface of ilium behind post. Gluteal line
Dorsal aspect of iliac crest
Sacrum and coccyx
Sacrotuberous ligament

Insertion
Ilio-tibial tract
Gluteal tuberosity of the femur

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2
Q

Nerve supply and action of gluteus maximus.

A

Nerve supply - inferior gluteal nerve

Actions
Extension, abduction and lateral rotation at the hip joint.

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3
Q

Which muscles support the pelvis when one foot is off the ground.

A

Gluteus medius and minimus.

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4
Q

Actions and nerve supply of gluteus medius and minimus.

A

Action
Abduction and medial rotation at the hip joint.
Supports the pelvis when one foot is off the ground.

Nerve
Superior gluteal nerve - It also supplies the tensorfascia Lata.

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5
Q

Key muscle of the gluteal region.

A

PIRIFORMIS.

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6
Q

Pelvi-femoral muscles.

A 
Piriformis.
Superior gamelis.
Obturator internus.
Inferior gamelis.
Quadratus femoris.
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7
Q

Superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg.

Attachement and action.

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris longus.

Attachment is through tendoachilles which is attached to the middle 1/3rd of the posterior surface of the calcaneum.

Action - plantar flexion at the ankle joint.

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8
Q

Deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg.

A

Popliteus - unlocking of the knee joint

Tibialis posterior/ flexor hallucis longus/ flexor digitorum longus - plantarflexion and inversion.

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9
Q

Nerve supply of muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg.
Blood supply.

A

Tibial nerve.

Posterior tibial artery.

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10
Q

Structures passing behind the flexor retinaculum (tarsal tunnel).

A

Anterior to posterior.

Tibialis posterior.
Flexor digitorum longus.
Posterior tibial artery.
Tibial nerve.
Flexor hallucis longus.
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11
Q

Structures in the anterior compartment of the foot.

A

Tibialis anterior.
Extensor hallucis longus.
Extensor digitorum longus.
Peroneus tertius.

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12
Q

Nerve supply and blood supply of the anterior compartment of the leg.

A

Nerve - deep peroneal nerve.

Artery - anterior tibial artery.

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13
Q

Structures passing behind extensor retinaculum.

A

Medial to lateral.

Tibialis anterior.
Extensor hallucis longus.
Anterior tibial artery.
Deep peroneal nerve.
Extensor digitorum longus.
Peroneus tertius.
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14
Q

Structures in the lateral compartment of the leg.

A

Peroneus longus.

Peroneus brevis.

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15
Q

Nerve supply of lateral compartment of leg.

A

Superficial peroneal nerve.

Peroneal artery branch of posterior tibial artery.

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16
Q

Actions of muscles of lateral compartment of leg.

A

Eversion of the foot.

Acts as a sling for lateral longitudinal arch.

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17
Q

Which muscles acts as a sling for medial longitudinal arch.

A

Tibialis anterior.

Tibialis posterior.

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18
Q

Foot drop is due to.

A

Injury to common / deep peroneal.

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19
Q

Gait seen in foot drop.

A

High stepping gait / stamping gait / marching gait.

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20
Q

What is deep peroneal nerve also called ?

A

Nervus hesitans.

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21
Q

Tendon of which muscle winds around the medial malleolus.

Insertion.

A

Tibialis posterior.

Chiefly inserted on the navicular tuberosity.
Sends slips to all tarsals and metatarsals except talus, 1st and 5th metatarsal.

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22
Q

Tendon which winds around the lateral malleolus.

Insertion.

A

Peroneus brevis.

Inserted on the base of the tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone.

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23
Q

Insertion of peroneus longus.

A

Goes behind the peroneus brevis till the cuboid.

Turns at right angle, grooving the cuboid.

Passes below the bases of the metatarsal bones and gets inserted on lateral aspect of base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform.

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24
Q

Strongest ligament of the hip joint.

A

Ilio-femoral ligament/ ligament of Bigelow.

Inverted Y shaped.

Prevents hyper extension at the hip joint.

Prevents trunk from falling backwards.

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25
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament.

A

Intracapsular and extra-synovial.
Attached to posterior aspect of medial surface of lateral condyle of femur.
Prevents anterior displacement of the femur.
Gets taut during extension.

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26
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament.

A

Intracapsular and extra-synovial.
Attached to the anterior aspect of the lateral surface of the medial condyle.
Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur.
Gets taut during flexion.

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27
Q

Bursa which communicated with the cavity of the knee joint.

A

Suprapatellar bursa.

28
Q

Inflammation of prepatellar bursa is called.

A

Housemate’s knee.

29
Q

Inflammation of infrapatellar bursa.

A

Clergyman’s knee.

30
Q

Inflammation of bursa over ischial tuberosity.

A

Weaver’s / tailor’s / student’s bottom.

31
Q

Tendon which passes below the substenticulum tali.

Medial to ST.

A

Flexor hallucis longus.

Medial to ST - Tibialis posterior.

32
Q

Great saphenous vein.
Formation.
Course.
Drains into.

A

Forms in front of the medial malleolus.

Accompanies the saphenous nerve.

Drains into the femoral vein.

33
Q

Short saphenous vein.
Formation.
Course.
Drains into.

A

Behind the lateral malleolus.

Accompanies the sural nerve.

Drains into the popliteal vein which drains into the posterior tibial vein.

34
Q

Bones which form the medial longitudinal arch.

A 
Calcaneum.
Talus.
Navicular.
3 cuneiform.
3 metatarsal.
35
Q

Bones which form the lateral longitudinal arch.

A

Calcaneum.
Cuboid.
4th and 5th metatarsal.

36
Q

Intersegmental tie which supports the medial longitudinal ligament.

A

Spring ligament / plantar calcaneo-navicular ligament.

37
Q

Intersegmental tie which supports the lateral longitudinal ligament.

A

Short and long plantar ligaments.

38
Q

Which muscles act as the sling for the lateral longitudinal ligament.

A

Peroneus longus.

Peroneus brevis.

39
Q

Merelgia paraesthetica.

A

Tingling, numbness and pain in the outer thigh.

Compression of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of thigh (Branch of lumbar plexus) against the inguinal ligament.

40
Q

Boundaries and floor of femoral triangle.

A

Boundaries
Medial - medial border of adductor longus.
Lateral - medial border of sartorius.
Base - inguinal ligament.

Floor
Iliacus, psoas major, pectineus and adductor longus.

41
Q

Contents of the femoral triangle.

A

Femoral vessels enclosed in the femoral sheath.

Femoral nerve.

42
Q

Femoral sheath bounded by.

A

Anteriorly - fascia transversalis.

Posteriorly - fascia ilaca.

43
Q

Femoral sheath compartments and contents.

A

Lateral compartment - Femoral artery and femoral branch of Genito-femoral nerve.
Middle compartment - Femoral vein.
Medial compartment - Femoral canal/ upper part - femoral ring.

44
Q

Boundaries of the femoral ring.

A

Anteriorly - inguinal ligament. (POUPART’S LIGAMENT)
Medially - lacunar ligament. (GIMBERNAT’S LIGAMENT)
Posteriorly - pectinate ligament. (COOPER’S LIGAMENT)
Laterally - septum separating it from the femoral vein.

45
Q

Femoral ring is closed by.

A

Lymph node of cloquet/ lymph node of rosenmuller.

Drains the glans penis/ clitoris.

46
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh.

A
  1. Sartorius.

2. Quadriceps femoris - Rectus femoris/ vastus medialis/ vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis.

47
Q

Origin, insertion and action of sartorius.

Also known as.

A

Origin - anterior superior iliac spine.
Insertion - medial aspect of shaft of tibia along with gracilis and semi-tendinosus.
Action - abduction, lateral rotation and flexion of the hip joint. Flexion and medial rotation of the knee joint.

Also known as Tailor’s muscle or honeymoon muscle.

48
Q

Insertion and action of quadriceps.

A

Insertion - base of patella. Continues on as the ligamentum patellae and attaches to the tibial tuberosity.
Action - extension at the knee joint. Locking of the knee joint ( final medial rotation at the end of extension when the foot is on the ground).

49
Q

Features of the femoral nerve.

A

Largest branch of the lumbar plexus.
Lies in the ilio-psoas groove.
Lies outside the femoral sheath.
Formed from the dorsal division of the ventral rami of L2,L3,L4.
Has a trunk, anterior and posterior divisions.

50
Q

Branches from the trunk of the femoral nerve.

A

Nerve to iliacus.

Nerve to pectineus (lateral 1/2).

51
Q

Branches from the anterior division of femoral nerve.

A

Muscular - sartorius.

Cutaneous - medial and anterior femoral cutaneous nerves of thigh.

52
Q

Branches from the posterior division of femoral nerve.

A

Muscular - quadratus femoris.

Cutaneous - saphenous nerve - supplies skin on medial aspect of leg and foot up to great toe.

53
Q

Muscles of medial compartment of thigh.

A 
Adductor longus.
Adductor brevis.
Gracilis.
Medial 1/2 of pectineus.
Adductor Magnus.
Obturator externus.
54
Q

Characteristics of obturator nerve.

A

Branch of the lumbar plexus.
Formed by the ventral divisions of the ventral rami of L2,L3,L4.
Related to ala of the sacrum.
Forms lateral boundary of ovarian fossa.
Emerges out through obturator foramen and divides into 2.

55
Q

Muscles supplied by anterior division of obturator nerve.

A

Adductor longus.
Adductor brevis.
Gracilis.
Medial 1/2 of pectineus.

56
Q

Muscles supplied by the posterior division of the obturator nerve.

A

Adductor Magnus.

Obturator externus.

57
Q

Action of the muscles of the medial compartment of thigh.

A

Adduction and medial rotation at the hip joint.
Gracilis also causes flexion and medial rotation at the knee joint.
Gracilis is known as anti-rapist muscle.
Obturator externus causes lateral rotation at hip joint.

58
Q

Muscles of the posterior compartment.

A

Semi-tendinosus.
Semi-membranosus.
Biceps femoris.
Adductor Magnus (hamstring part)

59
Q

Origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of hamstrings.

A

Origin - ischial tuberosity.
Insertion - tibia/ fibula
Nerve supply - tibial part of sciatic nerve
Action - extension at hip joint/ flexion at knee joint.

60
Q

Tibial collateral ligament.

A

Degenerated part of Adductor Magnus.

61
Q

Fibular collateral ligament.

A

Degenerated part of peroneus longus.

62
Q

Oblique popliteal ligament.

A

Degenerated part of semi-membranosus.

63
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament.

A

Degenerated part of long head of biceps femoris.

Gives origin to gluteus maximus.

64
Q

Sacrospinous ligament.

A

Degenerated part of coccygeus muscle.

65
Q

Articular disc of TM joint.

A

Lateral pterygoid.

66
Q

Anconeus muscle.

A

Detached part of long head of triceps.

67
Q

Why is biceps femoris not a hamstring muscle ?

A

Arises from Linea aspera from femur not ischial tuberosity.

Supplied by common peroneal part of sciatic nerve (not tibial part).

Anatomy (10 decks)

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