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EKU BIO 111 > Chapter 1: The Science Of Bio > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Science Of Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Bio unified what?

A

Much of natural science

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2
Q

Living systems are the most complex what?

A

Chemical systems on earth

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3
Q

Life is constrained by?

A

The properties of chem. and physics

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4
Q

Science is becoming?

A

More interdisciplinary (combining multiple fields)

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5
Q

7 characteristics of all living organisms:

A
  1. Composed of cells
  2. Complex and ordered
  3. Respond to their environment
  4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce
  5. Obtain and use energy
  6. Maintain internal balance
  7. Allow for evolutionary adaption
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6
Q

Cellular level:

A

Atoms, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell

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7
Q

Organism level:

A

Tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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8
Q

Population level:

A

Species, population (of one species), community (multiple species), ecosystem (including living environment), biosphere

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9
Q

Each level has emergent properties

A
  • result from interaction of components
  • cannot be deduced by looking at parts themselves
  • “life” is an emergent property
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10
Q

Science aims to understand?

A

The natural world through observation and reasoning

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11
Q

Science begins with? Meaning what?

A

Observations. So much if science is purely descriptive

  • classification of all life on earth
  • human genome sequencing
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12
Q

Science uses both?

A

Deductive and inductive reasoning

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13
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Uses general principles to make specific predictions

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14
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Uses specific observations to develop general conclusions

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15
Q

Scientists use a systematic approach to?

A

Gain understanding of the natural world known as the scientific method

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16
Q

Scientific method steps?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis formation
  3. Prediction
  4. Experimentation
  5. Conclusion
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17
Q

A hypothesis is a possible?

A

Explanation for an observation

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18
Q

A hypothesis

A

Must be tested to determine validity

Is often tested many diff. ways

Allows for predictions to be made

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19
Q

Iterative (repeating process to generate a sequence of outcomes trying to reach a specific one)

A

Hypotheses can be changed and refined with new data

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20
Q

Experiments:

A
  • Test hypothesis
  • Must be carefully designed to test only one variable at a time
  • Consists of a test experiment and a control experiment
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21
Q

Predictions:

A

Hypotheses should make predictions

Predictions provide a way to test the validity of hypotheses

Hypothesis must be rejected if the experiment produces results inconsistent with the predictions

The more experimentally supported predictions a hypothesis makes, the more valid the hypothesis

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22
Q

Spontaneous generation?

A

Not true. Preexisting microorganisms

23
Q

Two philosophical approaches to science:

A

Reductionism / systems biology

24
Q

Reductionism?

A

To break down a complex process down to its simpler parts

25
Q

Systems biology?

A

Focus on emergent properties that can’t be understood by looking st simpler parts

26
Q

Models in science:

A
  • ways to organize thought
  • parts provided by reductionist approach
  • model shows how they fit together
  • suggest experiments to test the model
27
Q

Scientific theory:

A

Is a body of interconnected concepts

Is supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning

Expresses ideas of which we are most certain

28
Q

Compare to general meaning of theory:

A

Implies a lack of knowledge or a guess

29
Q

Basis research intended to?

A

Extend the boundaries of what we know

30
Q

Applied research:

A

Foundation provided by basic research

May involve the manufacture of food additives or drugs

31
Q

Unifying themes in bio:

A
  • Cell theory
  • Molecular basis of inheritance
  • Structure and function
  • Diversity of life arises by evolution
  • evolutionary conservation
  • cells are info-processing systems
  • nonequilibrium state
32
Q

Cell theory:

A
  • all organisms are composed of cells
  • cells are life’s basic units
  • all cells come from preexisting cells
33
Q

Molecular basis of inheritance:

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • sequence of 4 nucleotides encode cell’s info
  • gene- discrete unit of info
  • genome- entire set of DNA instructions
  • continuity of life depends on faithful copying of DNA into daughter cells
34
Q

Structure and function:

A
  • you study structure to learn function
  • know a function- look for that structure in other organisms
  • ex: *receptor on human cell for insulin unknown
    * find similar molecule in worm
    * might conclude this molecule functions the same in the word
35
Q

Diversity of life arises by?

A

Evolution

36
Q

3 domains

A

Bacteria- single cell prokaryote

Archaea- single-cells prokaryote

Eukarya- single-called or multicellular eukaryote

37
Q

Evolution diversity bc?

A

Bio-chem and genetics argues for life from the same origin point

Diversity bc evolutionary changes over time

38
Q

Evolutionary conservation

A

All organisms today descended from a simple creature 3.5 BYA

Some characteristics preserved- use of DNA

Conservation reflects that they have a fundamental role

39
Q

Cells are info-processing systems:

A

Info in DNA used to direct synthesis of cellular components

Cells process environmental info

Cells in multicellular organisms must coordinate with each other

40
Q

Nonequlibrium state

A

Living systems= opened systems

Constant supply of energy needed

Self-organizing properties at different levels

Emergent properties from collections of molecules, cells, and individual

41
Q

Darwin and Evolution shows?

A

Ex of how scientist develops hypothesis and how a theory gains acceptance

42
Q

Darwin published?

A

The Origin of species after 30 years observation

43
Q

Darwin was a?

A

Naturalist mapping coastal South America

44
Q

Darwin wasn’t the first to?

A

Propose evolution

45
Q

Darwin’s contribution was a

A

Mechanism (natural science)

46
Q

Darwin said characteristics of similar species…

A

Varied from place to place

47
Q

Galapagos Finches (bird) 14 species differed only slightly

A

“Descent with modification” or evolution

48
Q

Populations of plants and animals do what?

A

Increase geometrically

49
Q

Humans can only do what?

A

Increase their food supply arithmetically

50
Q

Populations of species remain constant bc

A

Death limits population #’s

51
Q

Evidence supporting Darwin’s theory has grown bc?

A

Fossil record

Earth’s age

52
Q

Mechanism for heredity

A

Kendal’s laws of inheritance unknown to Darwin

53
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Vertebrae forelimbs all share same basic array of bones

Homologous- same evolutionary origin not now differ in structure and function

Analogous- structures of different origin used for same purpose (butterfly and bird wings)

54
Q

Molecular evidence:

A

Compare genomes of proteins if different organisms

Phylogenetic trees- based on reacting origin of particular nucletide changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history

EKU BIO 111 (3 decks)

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