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Neurology > Anatomy of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Anatomy of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 lobes of the cerebellum.

A

Anterior
Fiocculus
Posterior

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2
Q

What lobe of the cerebellum is smallest?

A

Fiocculus

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3
Q

What lobe is the flocculus part of?

A

Fiocculnodular lobe

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4
Q

Where is the primary fissure located?

A

Just posterior to the anterior lobe

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5
Q

In what lobe would you find the horizontal fissure?

A

Posterior lobe

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6
Q

The cerebellum is contained within the anterior cranial fossa

A

FALSE

Posterior

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7
Q

What structure acts like a ‘tent’ over the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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8
Q

Describe the positions of white and grey matter in the cerebellum

A

GREY - OUTSIDE
WHITE - INSIDE
Grey - found deep in the centre of white matter

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9
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the brain stem?

A

Via 3 stalks known as peduncles

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10
Q

What are peduncles composed of?

A

White matter

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11
Q

Name the 3 peduncles.

A

Superior, middle and inferior

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12
Q

Which of the 3 peduncles is the largest?

A

Middle

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13
Q

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum is much larger than the anterior lobe

A

TRUE

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14
Q

The cerebellar cortex has 3 layers. Name these layers in order of superficial to deep.

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
Granule cell layer

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15
Q

What is the purkinje cell layer rich in?

A

Neurons

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16
Q

Where do afferent nerve impulses to the cerebellum usually come from?

A

Spinal cord
Cerebral cortex (via pons)
Vestibular apparatus

17
Q

How do afferent nerve impulses reach the cerebellum?

A

Via the peduncles

18
Q

Once afferent impulses reach the cerebellum, where do they go?

A

Usually granule cell layer

19
Q

From any lobe of the cerebellum, output can only be via which cell layer?

A

Purkinje cells

20
Q

Where do the purkinje cells synapse? What does this control?

A

On neurones of the deep cerebellar nuclei

The functions all of the motor tracts of the brainstem and spinal cord

21
Q

Describe the route of most neurones of the deep cerebellar nuclei.

A

Cross the midline and synapse in the thalamus

The thalamus then sends signals to the motor cortex

22
Q

Cerebellar hemispheres influence the ipsilateral/contralateral side of the body

A

IPSILATERAL

23
Q

Describe the outcome of a unilateral hemispheric lesion.

A

Disturbance of co-ordination of limbs
Tremor
Unsteady gait
Absence of weakness or sensory loss

24
Q

Describe the outcome of a bilateral hemispheric lesion.

A

Slowed, slurred speech
Bilateral incoordination of the arms
Staggering, wide based gait (cerebellar ataxia)

25
Q

Describe the outcome of a midline hemispheric lesion.

A

Disturbance of postural control

Patients will fall over when standing or sitting

26
Q

Outline the 3 functions of the basal ganglia.

A

Enhance movement
Inhibit unwanted movement
Role in posture and muscle tone

27
Q

What are basal ganglia?

A

A number of masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebellar hemisphere

28
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease? What are the signs?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurones of the substantial nigra (dampened output to cortex)
Akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor

29
Q

Describe the direct pathway of basal ganglia.

A

Enhances outflow of thalamus and enhances desired movement

30
Q

Describe the indirect pathway of basal ganglia.

A

Inhibits outflow of the thalamus

31
Q

Unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect the ipsilateral/contralateral side of the body

A

CONTRALATERAL

32
Q

What do lesions of the basal ganglia cause?

A

Changes of muscle tone

Dyskinesias

33
Q

Myoclonus

A

Muscle jerks

34
Q

Tremor

A

Sinusoidal movements

35
Q

Chorea

A

Rapid, asymmetrical movements

36
Q

What is Huntington’s disease? What are the signs?

A

Autosomal dominant disorder of the INDIRECT pathway
Progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
Chorea, progressive dementia

37
Q

What is dyskinesia?

A

Abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement

Neurology (42 decks)

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