7.1

Question 1

what are the similarities and differences in amino acid structure?

Answer 1

all amino acids have amino and carboxyl groups. however, the side chains on amino acids can vary, giving the amino acid different properties.

Question 2

what are the four levels of protein structure

Answer 2

1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary
4) quaternary

Question 3

what happens during protein denaturization

Answer 3

the protein structure is disrupted because the hydrogen and ionic bonds are disrupted. This results in the structure unfolding and flattening out.

Question 4

how is tertiary structure formed by interactions between hydrophobic side chain, acidic and basic side chains, hydrophilic side chains, and cysteine side chains

Answer 4

hydrophobic - these side chains clump towards the middle of a protein since they repel water

acidic and basic - these negative and positive side chains attract each other and form ionic bonds

hydrophilic - these side chains attract each other and form hydrogen bonds on the outside of proteins

cysteines - two cysteines bond to form disulfide covalent bonds

Question 5

what are some examples of protein types and functions

Answer 5

enzymes - catalyze chemical reactions and cut and join the molecules of life

antibodies - engage in constant battle in bloodstream

infrastructure - support and move cells

hormones - carry molecular messages through the blood

pumps, channels, and receptors - help particles and proteins get back and forth across the membrane

Question 6

why and how would the structure and function of a protein change if a hydrophobic amino acid was substituted for a hydrophilic one

Answer 6

the structure and function of a protein would change because hydrophobic side chains attract each other and clump towards the inside of a protein, while hydrophilic side chains attract each other and fold towards the outside of a protein. the structure would change because the hydrophobic amino acid would cause the amino acid to fold towards the inside of the protein, instead of folding towards the outside. this substitution would also change the function of the protein because the structure of a protein directly affects its function.

Question 7

how are the effects and results of protein denaturation different from the effect and results of a mutation

Answer 7

both denaturation and mutations change the shape and structure of proteins. they also both affect the functions of proteins. but, denaturation only affects the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of protein structure. mutations change the primary structure of protein, which leads to continuing effects on the other levels of protein structure.

Question 8

structures at this level are similar throughout proteins

Answer 8

secondary structure

Question 9

name the polymer and monomer of a protein

Answer 9

polymer - polypeptide
monomer - amino acid

Question 10

hydrophobic

Answer 10

doesn’t like water, folds inside

Question 11

hydrophilic

Answer 11

likes water, folds outside

Question 12

what holds amino acids together

Answer 12

covalent bonds

Question 13

what do all amino acids have

Answer 13

amino and carboxyl

Question 14

what levels of protein does denaturation affect

Answer 14

all EXCEPT of primary

Question 15

hormones

Answer 15

carry molecular messages

Question 16

enzymes

Answer 16

join and break apart molecules

Question 17

infrastructure

Answer 17

support and move cells

Question 18

channels, pumps, and receptors

Answer 18

moving back and forth across a membrane

Question 19

antibodies

Answer 19

work with immune system to ward off infection